Tutorial Academy

NEED FOR LINK POPULARITY

2009-10-18T13:46:00.000+06:00

Link popularity is very important when it comes to today's search engines. Most of the top search engines consider link popularity as an important ranking factor. Especially Google gives a lot of importance to links, so when it comes to search engine optimization link popularity is very important.

In search engine optimization we cannot get natural links from everyone. There are two remedies for this - buying links or adding reciprocal links. But buying links is a costly process. So we prefer going for reciprocal links.

When it comes to link building we should be careful not to link to bad neighborhoods. Linking to a bad neighborhood like link farms, FFAs, Redirect spam sites, etc. might hurt sites. Linking to such sites hurts both the positioning as well as the traffic of these sites. So it is better to be on the safer side and not to do any linking to bad neighborhood. Also check the status of the link often.

Have you seen the Google directory? Some sites on the bottom of the directory are without any Page Rank Most of these sites are in the penalized list by Google. So be careful when you go for link building tactics.

There are many different ways to present reciprocal links. One way is to clearly designate them as reciprocal links and then delegate them to specific areas or pages of your site. An alternate method is to incorporate links to valuable resources inside your own content. You also have the choice of separating reciprocal links and other links, or joining them all together.

STRATEGIES OF LINK BUILDING

2009-10-18T13:44:00.000+06:00

Acquiring text links is one of the most important steps in search engine optimization. This does not however mean that buying irrelevant links or links with low Page Ranks will help your site. It is also important that your links on the individual pages are relevant to the keywords.

Hence, when it comes to link building there are some important strategies. By following these strategies you can be sure that your site will rank above those of your competitors.

Page rank - Page Rank is the primary consideration when it comes to link building. It is only links having high page ranks that are of any value. This is because it is only such links that can boost the rankings of your site with the search engines like Google, Yahoo, AltaVista, MSN, etc.

Page Rank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages "important."

Linking to different sites - While links are considered significant in the process of ranking, Google also sees to it that its results are not manipulated. As part of this control system, it checks that all the links are not from the same site.

Personalize your link exchange letter - Webmasters always prefer to exchange links with sites that sent personalized letters rather than bulk mails. A personalized mail sets you apart from the spam mail. It lets them know that you have visited their site. You are more likely to receive reciprocal links when you send such mails.

Relevancy of links - Ensure that the links you receive are relevant to your site. By linking to related sites you can make sure that you don’t loose out on business either. A few relevant sites linking to your site will give you more benefits than a thousand irrelevant links.

Different IP address - Check your links and make sure that they come from different IP addresses. If all the links come from the same IP address, search engines will be able to cross reference the links and your site will be penalized.

History Of search engines

2009-10-18T13:39:00.003+06:00

Where would we be without 'em?
Our experience of the Internet is often facilitated through the use of search engines and search directories. Before they were invented, people’s Net experiences were confined to plowing through sites they already knew of in the hopes of finding a useful link, or finding what they wanted through word of mouth.

As author Paul Gilster puts it in Digital Literacy "How could the world beat a path to your door when the path was uncharted, uncatalogued, and could be discovered only serendipitously?".

This may have been adequate in the early days of the Internet, but as the Net continued to grow exponentially, it became necessary to develop a means of locating desired content.

At first search services were quite rudimentary, but in the course of a few years they have grown quite sophisticated.

Not to mention popular. Search services are now among the most frequented sites on the Web with millions of hits every day.

Even though there is a difference between search engines and search directories (although less so every day), I will adopt the common usage and call all of them search engines.

Archie and Veronica

The history of search engines seems to be the story of university student projects evolving into commercial enterprises and revolutionizing the field as they went. Certainly, that is the story of Archie, one of the first attempts at organizing information on the Net. Created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a McGill University student, Archie archived what at the time was the most popular repository of Internet files, Anonymous FTP sites.

Archie is short for "Archives" but the programmer had to conform to UNIX standards of short names.

What Archie did for FTP sites Veronica did for Gopherspace. Veronica was created in 1993 at the University of Nevada. Jughead was a similar Gopherspace index.

Robots
Archie and Veronica were for the most part indexed manually. The first real search engine in the sense of a completely automated indexing system is MIT student Matthew Gray’s World Wide Web Wanderer.

The Wanderer robot was intended to track the growth of the Web counting only web servers initially. Soon after its launch it captured URLs as well. This list formed the first database of websites, called Wandex.

Robots at this time were quite controversial. For one, they occupied a lot of network bandwidth and they would index sites so rapidly it was not uncommon for the robots to crash servers.

In the Glossary for Information Retrieval Scott Weiss describes a robot as:

[a] program that scans the web looking for URLs. It is started at a particular web page, and then accesses all the links from it. In this manner, it traverses the graph formed by the WWW. It can record information about those servers for the creation of an index or search facility.

Most search engines are created using robots. The problem with them is, if not written properly, they can make a large number of hits on a server in a short space of time, causing the system’s performance to decay.

The First Web Directory

In response to the problems with automated indexing of the Web, Martjin Koster in Oct. 1993 created Aliweb, which stands for Archie Like Indexing of the Web. This was the first attempt to create a directory for just the Web.

Instead of a robot, webmasters submit a file with their URL and their own description of it. This allowed for a more accurate, detailed listing.

Unfortunately, the application file was difficult to fill out so many websites were never listed with Aliweb,

Spiders

By December 1993, three more robots, now known as spiders, were on the scene: JumpStation, World Wide Web Worm (developed by Oliver McBryan in 1994, bought out by Goto.com in 1998) and the Repository-Based Software Engineering (RBSE) spider.

RBSE made the important step of listing the results based on relevancy to the keyword. This was crucial. Prior to that, the results were in no particular order and finding the right location could require plowing through hundreds of listings.

Excite was launched in February 1993 by Stanford students and was then called Architext. It introduced concept based searching. This was a complicated procedure that utilized statistical word relationships, such as synonyms. This turned up results that might have been missed by other engines if the exact keyword was not entered.

WebCrawler, which was launched in April 20, 1994, was developed by Brian Pinkerton of the University of Washington.

It added a further degree of accuracy by indexing the entire text of webpages. Other search engines only indexed the URL and titles, which meant that some pertinent keywords might not be indexed. This also greatly improved the relevancy rankings of their results.

As an interesting aside, WebCrawler offers an insightful service, WebCrawler Search Voyeur, that allows you to view what people are searching as they enter their queries. You can even stop it and see the results.

Search Directories

There was still the problem that searchers had to know what they were looking for, which as I can attest, is often not the case. The first browsable Web directory was EINet Galaxy, now known as Tradewave Galaxy, which went online January 1994. It made good use of categories and subcategories and so on.

Users could narrow their search until presumably they found something that caught their eye.

It still exists today and offers users the opportunity to help coordinate directories, becoming an active participant in cataloging the Internet in their field perfected the search directory, however.

Yahoo! grew out of two Stanford University students, David Filo’s and Jerry Yang’s, webpages with their favourite links (such pages were quite popular back then).

Started in April 1994 as a way to keep track of their personal interests, Yahoo soon became too popular for the university server.

Yahoo’s user-friendly interface and easy to understand directories have made it the most used search directory. But because everything is reviewed and indexed by people, their database is relatively small, accounting for approximately 1% of webpages.

The Big-Guns

When a search fails on Yahoo it automatically defaults to AltaVista’s search.

AltaVista was late onto the scene in December 1995, but made up for it in scope.

AltaVista was not only big, but also fast. It was the first to adopt natural language queries as well as Boolean search techniques. And to aid in this, it was the first to offer "Tips" for good searching prominently on the site. These advances made for unparalleled accuracy and accessibility.

But AltaVista had competition: HotBot, introduced May 20, 1996 by Paul Gauthier and Eric Brewer at Berkeley. Powered by the Inktomi search engine, it was initially licensed to Wired Magazine website. It has occasionally boasted it can index the entire Web.

Indexing 10 million pages per day, it is the most powerful search engine.

Meta-Engines

The next important step in search engines is the rise of meta-engines. Essentially they don’t offer anything new. They just simultaneously compile search results from various different search engines. Then list the results according to the collective relevancy.

The first meta-engine was MetaCrawler released in 1995. Now called Go2net.com it was developed in 1995 by Eric Selburg, a Masters student at the University of Washington .

Skewing Relevancy

Prior to Direct Hit, launched in the summer of 1998, there were two types of search engines: author controlled services, such as AltaVista and Excite, in which the results are ranked by keyword relevancy and editor-controlled, such as directories like Yahoo and LookSmart, in which people manually decide on placement.

Direct Hit, as inventor Gary Culliss relates: "represents a third kind of search, one that's user-controlled, because search rankings are dependent on the choices made by other users." As users choose to go to a listed link, they keep track of that data and use the collected hit-ratio to calculate the relevancy. So the more people go to the site from Direct Hit the higher it will appear on their results.

which runs as a research project at Stanford University since late 1997, also attempts to improve relevancy rankings. Google uses PageRank, which basically monitors how many sites link to a given page. The more sites and the more important the sites that link to a given site the higher the ranking in the result list.

It does give a slight advantage to .gov and .edu domains. Basically, it is trying to do what Yahoo does but without the need for costly human indexing.

Is This Fair?
Another way of fixing relevancy rankings is by selling prominent placement as Goto.com does. Founded by idealab and Bill Gross, this practice caused quite a controversy. Apparently, there was some doubt as to the actual relevancy of its paid prominent listings. Goto insists that their clients must adhere to a "strict policy" of relevance to the corresponding keywords.

Their corporate site defends its approach:

"In other search engines, there is no cost to spamming or word stuffing or other tricks that advertisers use to increase their placement within search results. When you get conscious decisions involved, and you associate a cost to them, you get better results... GoTo uses a revolutionary new principle for ranking search results by allowing advertisers to bid for consumer attention, and lets the market place determine the rankings and relevance."

For the right amount of money you can ensure your site is placed #1.
Check out the words that are still "unbidden".

Look similar?

That's for the courts to decide now. Goto.com has filed suit February 1999, against the Disney owned Go Network.

Finding a niche

As search engines try to index the entire Web, some search engines have found their niche by narrowing their field to a specific subject or geographical region. Argos was the first to offer a Limited Area Search Engine. Launching October 3, 1996, they index only sites dealing with medieval and ancient topics. A panel decides on whether a site is suitable for inclusion.

Their mandate was to combat such problems as this example (from their site):

"At the time of this writing, a search for "Plato" on the Internet search engine, Infoseek, returned 1,506 responses. Of the first ten of these, only five had anything to do with the Plato that lived in ancient Greece, and one of these was a popular piece on the lost city of Atlantis. The other five entries dealt with such things as a home automation system called, PLATO(tm) for Windows, and another PLATO(r), an interactive software package for the classroom. Elsewhere near the top of the Infoseek list was an ale that went by the name of Plato, a guide to business opportunities in Ireland, and even a novel called the "Lizard of Oz."

Such specializing has also proven effective for MathSearch, Canada.com, and hundreds of others.

Ask Jeeves' niche is making search engines more searchable for the average user. (Who really knows Boolean anyway?) Founded in 1996, but not really well-used until recently, Ask Jeeves has a more human approach. Refining natural language queries so that users can ask normal questions. For example, "Whatever happened to Upper Volta?".

When a question is answered it matches similar queries it has already received and offers these as its results. This is supposed to help guide users to the desired location when they might not know themselves how else to find it.

The Next Generation

There is no denying that these sites are among the most popular websites. They mark the daily entry point into the Web experience.

Search engines are trying to offer more and to be more. Whether it is Northern Light’s private fee-based online library or Yahoo offering free email and content (news, horoscopes, etc.). Search engines are continuing to evolve.

We are seeing the sophistication of the spiders in finding and indexing sites, the increase in user-friendly searching techniques and interface, the expanding of databases and the improved relevancy of results from the database.

(Now if they could just make some money doing it, as most of the companies mentioned continue to operate at a loss.)

As I learned while researching this topic, search engines may open up the door to the World Wide Web, but not without some difficulty. Searching is far from easy or perfect.

As the Web continues to grow rapidly, the need for better search engines only increases.

Link farm and its expression

2009-10-18T13:32:00.000+06:00

A link farm is any collection of web sites that all hyperlink to every other site in the group. Although some link farms can be formed by hand, most are created through automated programs and services. A link farm is a structure of spamming the index of a search engine . Other link exchange systems are designed to allow individual websites to selectively exchange links with other related websites and are not considered a form of spamdexing.

Where link weighting is still believed by some Webmasters to influence search engine results with Google, Yahoo!, MSN , and Ask , link farms remain famous tool for increasing PageRank or perceived equivalent values. PageRank-like measurements apply only to the individual pages being linked to, so these pages must in turn link out to other pages in arrange for the link weighting to help.

The expression "link farm" has always carried with it a derogative reputation. Many reciprocal link management service operators advertise the value of their resource management and direct networking relationship building. The reciprocal link management services support their industry as an alternative to search engines for finding and attracting visitors to Web sites.

Valuable tactics for link building

2009-10-18T13:29:00.004+06:00

Mention without a Link - This one is amazingly effective. Your goal is to identify sites/pages that already mention your brand/product/service/website but have failed to offer the direct HTML link. Just shoot them a pleasant, personal email and request the link - success rates can be very high. To find these willing linkers, you can use Yahoo's advanced search parameters.

Profile Sites - All those "Web 2.0" sites that permit for the creation of profiles with links, from Frappr and Newsvine to MySpace and Yahoo! 360 to Digg, Del.icio.us and StumbleUpon are goldmines for links. Even those that don't have direct links enabled often allow you to submit sites or explain what you've "tagged" or visited.

If there's a mainly strong site in your sector that you desperately want a link from, this tactic can be of occassional use. The idea is to write a news article with some authority and request a quote from the company/individual you want a link from.

Sites from City search & Yellow Pages to Google provide global, local links if you sign up with them, but in nearly every mid-large metropolitan area, there are literally hundreds of directories and lists of local companies in every possible category. Oftentimes they're free and even when they arent; the prices to be listed are fairly inexpensive.

Contextual Link Building

2009-10-18T13:29:00.001+06:00

A powerful technique to increase link popularity is called Contextual Link Building. It involves having your keyword topics written regarding by blogs and websites. In addition to the advantage of having your topics discussed by these authors, they will link back to your website inside a pertinent post, on topic, and with anchor text. We contact bloggers asking them to write about huge content on your site. If necessary, we will even make original articles for them. According to Google and the other main search engines, contextual links are some of the best inbound links you can obtain for your site. These make permanent text links to your website at a very cost effectual rate.

Microsoft Adcenter - A beginner's guide to Microsoft Pay per click

2009-10-18T13:27:00.000+06:00

As most of us are aware, Pay per Click (PPC) search engine marketing is an advertising strategy where you, as an advertiser, pay a search engine every time a potential customer clicks on your ad. These ads appear either on search engine results pages or on sites within a search engine's network of partners. The growth of the search industry worldwide has resulted in a big market for paid search advertising and hence most search engines have developed some type of PPC related, of course, to performance.

To appear in the PPC results, advertisers sign up for the PPC program and create short text ads, image ads or videos describing their product or services shown on their site in a way that will tempt searchers to visit it. While setting up the program, an advertiser will determine which trigger keywords/phrases they wish to bid on and how much they are willing to pay when a visitor clicks on their ad.

If you study at a search engine results page (SERP), you will be able to distinguish between search results that are regular organic search listings and PPC search results which are actually paid advertisements. These paid ones are generally listed under "sponsored results" or "featured listings" and consist of specially designed text, image or video ads that are triggered to display when your target keywords are used in a search query.

Microsoft AdCenter (formerly MSN adCenter) has brought out the latest PPC. Microsoft adCenter is the division of the MSN entrusted with the task of providing Pay Per Click advertisements. Microsoft has joined the Big Three league the other two being Google and Yahoo - develop its own system for delivering PPC ads.

Strictly speaking, Microsoft is not a stranger tp PPC as till recently, all of the Microsoft ads displayed on the MSN search engine were supplied by Overture and later Yahoo!. MSN claimed a percentage of the ad revenue in return for displaying Yahoo!'s ads on its search engine. As search marketing expanded and presented great opportunities, Microsoft has now developed its own system, Microsoft adCenter, for selling PPC advertisements directly to advertisers.

Microsoft adCenter lets you to offer bids for keywords or phrases you associate with your ads (See this : http://advertising.microsoft.com/wwdocs/user/en-us/adexcellence/flash/18_Bidding/index.html). This bid is the maximum amount you are willing to pay if any user searches for one of your keywords and clicks your ad. You can also increase your bid if you wish to reach specific audience target that fits your buyer profile. Generally, the higher the bid, the more likely their ad will show above their competitor's

It is good to know that Microsoft sets store on the ability to build brand awareness with their PPC program, permitting the continued exposure of your brand to a wider audience, regardless how many clicks your ad attracts. This is an important feature of most PPC programs though Google or Yahoo is reluctant to use this strategy.

Borrowing ideas from Google adWords, Microsoft adCenter avails the maximum amount an advertiser is willing to pay per click as well as the advertisement's click through rate (CTR) to determine how frequently an advertisement is shown. This dual operation is said to encourage advertisers to write effective ads and makes them advertise only on searches which are relevant to their advertisement.

Microsoft adCenter lets advertisers to target their ads by restricting their ads to a given set of locations. Similarly, adCenter allows advertisers to run their ads on select days of the week or at specific hours of day.

Tips to get more traffic with long tail keywords that convert in to sales

2009-10-18T13:22:00.001+06:00

In pay per click management keyword targeting is always the hot topic and use of long tail keyword is one of the best keyword discussed. The use of long tail keyword will bring in additional traffic to your sites all you need to do is spend time in optimizing those specific long tail keywords for better ranking in search engine.

Once you plan to optimize your keyword, you can build on more traffic to your sites in two ways that are as follows:
1. Write more and more content using those keywords. It is one of the most popular ways to optimize your long tail keywords and your site too.
2. If you think that your particular long tail keyword is bringing more and more traffic to your site then put more offers, special discount or other deals that convert this traffic in to sales, which will in turn help you to achieve your return on investments and your advertisements goals.
These are the two ways that will help your pay per click campaign to get more sales with traffic you are already receiving.

How to make your ad relevant with the help of keyword matching options

2009-10-18T13:14:00.003+06:00

According to Adwords, there are four keyword matching options which help you determine your ad to appear in Google search. Each and every single keyword can be set as targeted keywords by using any of these four options.

The four types of keywords matching options are-
Broad match: keyword This option allows your ad to be shown for similar phrase. For example, if your ad contains the keyword "wrist band" then your ad will be eligible to appear even when the user searches for either or both words. Like your ad may show on search for the following keywords - wrist, band, buy wrist band, wrist watch etc.

Phrase match: "keyword"
This option allows your ad to be shown for the exact phrase. For example, if your ad contains the keyword "wrist band" then your ad will be eligible to appear only when the user searches for exact phrase "wrist band". The ad can also appear for search that contain other terms as long as it contain the exact phrase.

Exact match: [keyword]
This option allows your ad to be shown for the exact phrase exclusively. For example, if your ad contains the keyword "wrist band" then your ad will be eligible to appear only when the user searches for specific phrase "wrist band". The ad will not be eligible to appear if the phrase contain other terms in it.

Negative match: -keyword
This option ensures that your ad is not shown when any search contains the specific term.

Keyword matching option just requires you to add appropriate punctuation to the keyword while setting the target. With the use of appropriate matching you will get more ad impressions, clicks and conversion which will in turn helps us to meet the ROI goals.

Web Designing & Development

2009-09-27T18:57:00.003+06:00

Introduction
Web designing is the skill of creating presentations of content (usually hypertext or hypermedia) that is delivered to an end-user through the World Wide Web, by way of a Web browser or other Web-enabled software like Internet television clients, microblogging clients and RSS readers.

History of WWW
Timothy John Berners-Lee a computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. In 1990, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. And after this World Wide Web evolved and grow rapidly. And now we are in the second generation of web development and web design which is commonly referred as Web2.0. The advent of Web 2.0 led to the development and evolution of web-based communities, hosted services, and web applications. Examples include social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, mashups and forums.

Technologies used in web designing
The process of designing Web pages, Web sites, Web applications or multimedia for the Web may utilize multiple disciplines, such as animation, authoring, communication design, corporate identity, graphic design, , interaction design, marketing, photography, search engine optimization and typography.
The following are the languages and technologies used in web designing.
• Markup languages (such as HTML, XHTML and XML)
• Style sheet languages (such as CSS )
• Client-side scripting (such as JavaScript)
• Server-side scripting (such as PHP and ASP)
• Database technologies (such as MySQL and PostgreSQL)
• Multimedia technologies (such as Flash and Silverlight)

Web pages and Web sites can be static pages, or can be programmed to be dynamic pages that automatically adapt content or visual appearance depending on a variety of factors, such as input from the end-user, input from the Webmaster or changes in the computing environment (such as the site's associated database having been modified).

Markup Languages
A markup language is a system for annotating a text in a way which is syntactically distinguishable from that text. Examples include revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts, typesetting instructions such those found in troff and LaTeX, and structural markers such as XML tags. Markup is typically omitted from the version of the text which is displayed for end-user consumption.
A well-known example of a markup language in widespread use today is HyperText Markup Language (HTML), one of the document formats of the World Wide Web. HTML is an instance of SGML and follows many of the markup conventions used in the publishing industry in the communication of printed work between authors, editors, and printers.

HTML
HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content.

XHTML
The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax. XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML.

XML
XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically. XML’s design goals emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format, with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although XML’s design focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

Style Sheet languages
A style sheet language or style language is a computer language used to describe the presentation of structured documents. A structured document which doesn't break the schema it is designed to conform to is "well-formed". A program processing the document must model the schema, and can present it in different formats, fonts, and order, as well as with other effects, by using different sets of style rules contained in different style sheets.One modern style sheet language with widespread use is Cascading Style Sheets, which is used to style documents written in HTML, XHTML,

CSS
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation (that is, the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document.

Client-side scripting
Client-side scripting generally refers to the class of computer programs on the web that are executed client-side, by the user's web browser, instead of server-side (on the web server). This type of computer programming is an important part of the Dynamic HTML (DHTML) concept, enabling web pages to be scripted; that is, to have different and changing content depending on user input, environmental conditions (such as the time of day), or other variables. Web developers write client-side scripts in languages such as JavaScript (Client-side JavaScript) and VBScript.

JavaScript
JavaScript was originally developed by Brendan Eich of Netscape under the name Mocha, which was later renamed to LiveScript, and finally to JavaScript. JavaScript is a scripting language used to enable programmatic access to objects within other applications. It is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript for the development of dynamic websites. JavaScript was influenced by many languages and was designed to look like Java, but to be easier for non-programmers to work with.

Server-side scripting
Server-side scripting is a web server technology in which a user's request is fulfilled by running a script directly on the web server to generate dynamic web pages. It is usually used to provide interactive web sites that interface to databases or other data stores. This is different from client-side scripting where scripts are run by the viewing web browser, usually in JavaScript. The primary advantage to server-side scripting is the ability to highly customize the response based on the user's requirements, access rights, or queries into data stores.

PHP
PHP is a widely used, general-purpose scripting language that was originally designed for web development, to produce dynamic web pages. It can be embedded into HTML and generally runs on a web server, which needs to be configured to process PHP code and create web page content from it. It can be deployed on most web servers and on almost every operating system and platform free of charge. PHP is installed on over 20 million websites and 1 million web servers.

ASP/ASP.NET
ASP.NET is a web application framework developed and marketed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services. It was first released in January 2002 with version 1.0 of the .NET Framework, and is the successor to Microsoft's Active Server Pages (ASP) technology. ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime (CLR), allowing programmers to write ASP.NET code using any supported .NET language.

Database Technologies
In Web Designing database has lots of importance. First of all I want to tell what is database. A database is an integrated collection of logically related records or files which consolidates records into a common pool of data records that provides data for many applications. A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.

MySQL
MySQL (pronounced My S-Q-L or “My sequel” is a relational database management system (RDBMS) which has more than 6 million installations. MySQL stands for "My Structured Query Language". The program runs as a server providing multi-user access to a number of databases. MySQL is commonly used by free software projects which require a full-featured database management system, such as WordPress, phpBB and other software built on the LAMP software stack. It is also used in very high-scale World Wide Web products including Google and Facebook.

PortgreSQL
PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS). It is released under a BSD-style license and is thus free software. As with many other open-source programs, PostgreSQL is not controlled by any single company, but has a global community of developers and companies to develop it.

Multimedia Technologies
Using multimedia content in website is the best way to attract users to your site. Flash is the most widely used multimedia application.

Flash
Adobe Flash (previously known as Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform originally acquired by Macromedia and currently developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Since its introduction in 1996, Flash has become a popular method for adding animation and interactivity to web pages. Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web page components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.

SilverLight
Microsoft Silverlight is a web application framework with a scope similar to Adobe Flash. Version 2, released in October 2008, brought additional interactivity features and support for .NET languages and development tools. Microsoft made the beta of Silverlight 3.0 available on March 18, 2009. The final version was released on July 9, 2009.

Hosting and Domains

Web Hosting
A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to provide their own website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server they own or lease for use by their clients as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for servers they do not own to be located in their data center, called colocation.

Domain Names
A domain name is an identification label that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control in the Internet, based on the Domain Name System (DNS). Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes. They are organized in subordinate levels (subdomains) of the DNS root domain, which is nameless. The first-level set of domain names are the top-level domains (TLDs), including the generic top-level domains (gTLDs), such as the prominent domains com, net and org, and the country code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Below these top-level domains in the DNS hierarchy are the second-level and third-level domain names that are typically open for reservation by end-users that wish to connect local area networks to the Internet, run web sites, or create other publicly accessible Internet resources. The registration of these domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, or hostnames. Hostnames are the leaf labels in the domain name system usually without further subordinate domain name space. Hostnames appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) for Internet resources such as web sites (e.g., csku.co.nr).

Web Promotion

Link Building
Most webmasters who are interested in promoting their sites via search engines such as Google are aware of the importance of backlinks when trying to rank for their chosen keywords. One of the things that set Google's patented algorithm apart from the lesser search engines was their use of link popularity to guide their SERP (search engine results page) positioning. As a result, backlinks matter - you can't do without them if you want to rank well in the major search engines Most webmasters who are interested in promoting their sites via search engines such as Google are aware of the importance of backlinks when trying to rank for their chosen keywords. One of the things that set Google's patented algorithm apart from the lesser search engines was their use of link popularity to guide their SERP (search engine results page) positioning. As a result, backlinks matter - you can't do without them if you want to rank well in the major search engines. Regardless of which methods you choose to promote your site, you should be aware of the following general guidelines that can make or break a campaign.

Some Common Terminologies:
Black Hat & White Hat, PageRank, Nofollow, Relevancy, Spam, Automation, Anchor Text

Ways of Link Building:
1) Link Exchange
2) Buying Links
3) Article Marketing
4) Blog Posting
5) Forum Posting/Signatures
6) Press Release
7) Directory Submission
8) Social Bookmarking
9) Widgets/Link Bait
10) Word of Mouth

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)
SEO is the active practice of optimizing a web site by improving internal and external aspects in order to increase the traffic the site receives from search engines. Firms that practice SEO can vary; some have a highly specialized focus, while others take a broader and general approach. Optimizing a web site for search engines can require looking at so many unique elements that many practitioners of SEO (SEOs) consider themselves to be in the broad field of website optimization (since so many of those elements intertwine).

Jobs and Earnings

Going professional in the Web industry can be as easy as setting up your own Web design Web site, or as complicated as taking a four year college course in Web maintenance and development. There is a lot to think about for the professional designer, beyond just how the pages look: pricing, contracts, legal issues, freelancing or not, how to get customers, and how to keep the ones you have. Sometimes it's as easy as learning HTML or Dreamweaver and applying for a job. But most of us have to work a little harder than that to find a good job in the Web design industry. These links will point you to resources for finding the perfect job, how to apply for it, and getting qualified for it through certifications and degrees. This is still a new profession. Don't be afraid to put yourself out there. Job postings often ask for all types of things when they might be looking for you. You know that you are the perfect person for the job, they just haven't hired you yet.

Programming vs Coding

2009-09-23T18:25:00.000+06:00

Recently I saw many people rejoicing over Pakistan being declared as one of a great outsourcing destination, and to many within the Pakistani software industry this is a big achievement but I am skeptical about it. Is it really a sign of progress for us or has hidden repercussions??
In my opinion being a great outsourcing destination is not much, the question that we must ask ourselves is where do we stand in the Computer Science research community? How many publications do we produce every year? The answer is of course highly unsatisfactory.
It makes me sad to say that our universities are producing coders but not programmers: many would argue with me saying they are the same but there is a world of difference between the two. The question was raised by my Professor Kyu-Young Whang in his Database class few months back and I really liked his answer:

“Programming is about design and attention to detail while coding is about knowing few tips and following them without much thinking.”

Coding is just mindlessly typing out computer commands, whereas programming is actively thinking about abstract solutions to a problem and then expressing it in code. To be a coder, you need to know the syntax, but to program, you need to understand various algorithms and data structures. Mathematics forms the core of good and efficient programming skills whereas for a coder mathematics is not of much importance. Students who are adept at math tend to perform better in computer science. They are better able to understand relationships in data, scientific computations, and algorithm design. This allows them to be better at solving problems and generating good designs from requirements and hence be a programmer. On the other side of the spectrum are the coders who just know about the language features and are aware of the features of the platform they are working for.
The harsh reality is that many of the graduates in the computer science field in Pakistan are just coders but not programmers. Many of them do not do justice to the computer science field since they either switch to MBA or they go for software development (database development, web portals, community websites etc) jobs doing monotonous work all along.
In the Computer Science community in Pakistan there is a lack of proper research being conducted and in my opinion one big reason for this is that Computer Science research needs programmers and not coders. The scenario in Pakistan is that many computer science majors, those desiring to eventually become computer scientists, programmers, systems analysts, computer hardware designers, networking specialists, or software engineers, do not have the background knowledge needed to succeed in their studies. Nor do many of them desire to get this necessary math background if there is any possible way to avoid it.
The programmers are the ones that invent thereby producing new researches in Computer Science and coming up with new, innovative ideas. Whereas coders do labor work just playing with some new technologies and enjoying the outside glimmers. After all Google was just another research with two brilliant programmers Sergey Brin and Larry Page coming up with a new algorithm of ranking. Why isn’t such research being produced in our country: answer is simple, I guess!!!

Search Engine Use by Operating System

2009-09-23T18:21:00.001+06:00

Search engines have become important entry points for the Web today and life on the Internet without a search engine is unimaginable these days. So which is the most famous search engine that is providing users with best results. That's surely a tough question to answer but there is one notable fact: open source community prefers Google over Bing.

A survey was conducted by Chitika, an online advertising network to analyze search engine usage by operating system.

Here's what they say:

With the upswing in the number of Linux boxes (thank you netbooks and Dell) and as much interest we have in the search engine market, we at Chitika thought we’d take a look at the search habits of our open-source friends. We compared the OS and search engine data for 163,211,927 searches – a sample of the Chitika network’s search data from July 30th through August 16th – and the results were quite interesting. Check them out:

Sure, Google dominates search across all categories, but what’s surprising is that a whopping 94.61% of all Linux search traffic was from Google, compared with 78.54% of Windows user searches. Compare that with Microsoft’s new “decision engine” Bing, which is holding steady at about 8% of Windows users, but is getting practically no use whatsoever by Linux users – just 0.77% of Linux searches were from Bing. Even Ask.com outdoes Bing for Linux users.

Advices for Computer Science Researchers

2009-09-23T18:20:00.000+06:00

The following speech is an extract from the speech delivered at "SIGCOMM 2009", the most prestigious conference in networking. The speaker is Meeyong Cha, a very efficient network researcher currently doing her post-doc at MPI-SWS in Germany. The speech contains a useful piece of advice for those wanting to do research in Computer Science:

"Hi, I am Mia. I'm honored to be invited to speak along with Sue, Dina, and Anja, who are fantastic researchers and have been in networking research for many more years than me. So I'll be your amuse bouche appetizer today. The main course speakers will follow shortly.

Let me tell you a bit about my background. I received my PhD from KAIST in Korea last year--Sue was my advisor and I take great pride in being her first PhD student. After I graduated, I moved to MPI in Germany as a post-doc to work with Krishna Gummadi. Now I live in a small city called Saarbruecken. It's on the border between France and Germany and my favorite shopping places are hours away. You'll see my publication list doubled since I moved to Germany.

I work on online social networks. My recent research topic is focused on understanding how information propagates in online social networks, particularly on the role of "word of mouth"-based propagation. I studied this phenomenon by analyzing data on how photos propagate in the Flickr.com website. I coined a term "social cascade"--which I hope will become popular--to describe the type of information propagation that happens through online friendship. For example, we get exposed to the photos, text updates, web links our friends share online. These exposures are what I mean by social cascades. Everyday, tremendous amount of data flows through social links, which means that social cascade is playing a big role on our online experience.

For me, social cascade is a fascinating research topic, not only because it is an entirely new way that connects people, but also because it has consequences beyond the online world. In the recent Iran election, we saw how the use of Twitter lead to some of the rallies and protests in the streets of Teheran. One of my recent projects is on investigating the role Twitter played in the Iran election. Back in my office in Germany, I parse terabytes of data to understand how millions of users in Twitter collaboratively spread messages among themselves. I am also interested in knowing how such collaborative action translates into innovations and challenges in the networking and systems area.

The Internet is a network of computers, but behind computers, there are people. As more of people's offline relationships get translated online, the Internet becomes more social. Social networks therefore have big consequences on the Internet. Just like when peer-to-peer came out and it had a great impact on the Internet, social cascade will dramatically affect a lot of things we know about the Internet, such as the type of content that is available, new infrastructures that are needed, and even people's view on the Internet itself. My research vision is to understand how social cascade is re-shaping the Internet and build network systems that better support this new social interactions.

Lastly, to all the PhD students, I'd like to share one message. Do the type of research that excites you and do not hesitate to change topics if you have to. Before I fell in love with online social networks, I worked on lower layers of the network stack: including backbone designs, IP networks, peer-to-peer systems, television viewing habits, YouTube video popularity. All of these topics are interesting on their own, but they lead me to recognize that workloads in these systems are ultimately determined by humans. Now I am very happy to work on social networks.

If you fancy a career as a researcher, you'll spend tens of thousands of hours on work over the next 10 years. The only way you're ever gonna spend 10,000 hours on research is only when you truly deeply love it. If something really engages you and makes you happy, then you will put in the kind of energy and time necessary to become an expert at it.

So, besides being ambitious, disciplined, and smart and all that, I hope you find a research topic that excites you and makes you have a lot of fun during your remaining years of your PhD. Thank you and now on to the rest of the -- menu."

INT 21h - The general function despatcher

2009-09-22T00:20:00.002+06:00

INT 21h - The general function despatcher

Most of the general functions and services offered by DOS are implemented through this interrupt . The functions available are well standardised and should be common to all MSDOS, PCDOS and DOS Plus systems. Well behaved programs, therefore, should use these facilities in preference to any other methods available for the widest range of compatibility.

INT 21h in the 512's implementation of DOS Plus 2.1 provides 77 official functions, two of which are non-functional and return with no action. Within this range some calls have subfunctions which further extend the range of operations.

In all calls, on entry AH defines the function. Other parameters may also be required in other registers. Where a memory block is used by the call this is specified in the normal segment:offset form. In all cases the general programming technique is to set AH to the function pointer, set up the required register contents (and the memory block if necessary) then to issue the call by the assembly code INT instruction. To call the recommended program terminate routine, INT 21h function 4Ch, the relevant parts of the code would be:

; Constant equates
Prog_exit  equ 4ch
Function_despatcher equ 21h
   org 0100
   program code here
   .......
   .......
   .......
exit:       ; common program exit
point   mov al, Return_code  ; set up result
   mov ah, Prog_exit  ; Set up terminate
       ; process
   int Function_despatcher ; and leave
; variable data
Return_code  db ?    ; Default 0 success
       ; set value on failure
END

There are other methods of implementing INT calls, but they are not recommended as normal techniques and are less efficient. The two most likely to be encountered are included here only for infomation.

Setting up the entry conditions and executing a long call to 0050h in the PSP
(only works in DOS v.2+).
Loading the CL register with the function number and executing an intra-sgment call to offset 0050h in the PSP, which contains a long call to the function despatcher. This method only works for function calls of 24h or less, and has the further disadvantage that the contents of register AX are always destroyed.

If calls are made by the approved method the contents of all registers are preserved through calls, except where those registers are used to return results. The obvious exception to this is function 4Bh, EXEC, which transfers control to a spawned program, when the state of all registers except the instruction pointers, but including the stack pointers, should be treated as undefined unless specific returned values are expected.

If spawning is employed register contents which must be be preserved should be pushed onto the stack, and the stack registers themselves (i.e. SS:SI) should be saved in known memory locations for explicit later retrieval.

INT 21h functions 00h to 24h are based on and are, with a few exceptions, direct equivalents to the corresponding CP/M calls. In these calls success or failure is typically signalled by the value returned in register AL. For the remaining (i.e. MSDOS) calls, the carry flag is more usually used, carry clear indicating success, carry set indicating failure of the function, often accompanied by an error code in register AX.

Functions up to and including 57h are documented in this section, all INT 21h functions with a higher number applying to later versions of DOS than 2.11. Note that functions 32h, 34h and 50h and above are included, though they are not supported by DOS Plus, because these do occur in MSDOS version 2.0 and above, and might be encountered in MSDOS v2.0 programs.

Function 0- Program terminate

Action:	On execution the call restores vectors for INTS 22h to 24h from the PSP, flushes any buffers and transfers control to the terminate handler address.
On entry:	AH = 0 CS = Segment address of PSP
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	Equivalent of CP/M BDOS call 00h. INT 21h function 4Ch is preferred.

Function 1- Character input with echo

Action:	Reads a character from the standard input device and echoes it to the standard output device. If no character is ready it waits until one is available. I/O can be re-directed, but prevents detection of OEF.
On entry:	AH = 01h
Returns:	AL = 8 bit data input
Notes:	Equivalent to CP/M BDOS call 01h, except that if the character is CTRL-C an INT 23h is performed.

Function 2 - Character output

Action:	Outputs a character to the standard output device. I/O can be re-directed, but prevents detection of 'disc full'.
On entry:	AH = 02h DL = 8 bit data (usually ASCII character)
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:

Function 3- Auxiliary input

Action:	Reads a character from the current auxilliary device.
On entry:	AH = 03h
Returns:	AL = 8 bit data input
Notes:	There is no way to read the status of the serial port or to detect errors through this call, therefore most PC comms packages drive the hardware directly, hence their general incompatibility with the 512.

Function 4- Auxiliary output

Action:	Outputs a character to the current auxiliary device.
On entry:	AH = 04h DL = 8 bit data
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	There is no way to read the status of the serial port or to detect errors through this call. Comments as Function 3.

Function 5- Printer output

Action:	Sends a Character to the current listing device.
On entry:	AH = 05h DL = 8 bit data
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	If the printer is busy this call will wait until the data is sent. There is no way to poll the printer status in DOS.

Function 6- Direct console I/O

Action:	Reads a character from the standard input device or returns zero if no character available. Also can write a character to the current standard output device. I/O can be redirected but prevents detection of EOF on input or 'disc full' on output.
On entry:	AH = 06h DL = function requested: 0Ch to 0FEh = output (DL = character to be output) 0FFh = Input request
Returns:	If output - nothing If input - data ready: zero flag clear, AL = 8 bit data If data not ready: zero flag set
Notes:	This call ignores CTRL-X.

Function 7 - Unfiltered character input no echo

Action:	Reads a character from the standard input device without echoing it to the display. If no character is ready it waits until one is available.
On entry:	AH = 07h
Returns:	AL = 8 bit data input
Notes:	This call ignores CTRL-C, use function 8 if CTRL-C processing is required. There is no CP/M equivalent.

Function 08- Character input with no echo

Action:	Reads a character from the standard input device without copying it to the display. If no character is ready it waits until one is available.
On entry:	AH = 08h
Returns:	AL = 8 bit data input
Notes:	If CTRL-C is detected INT 23h is executed.

Function 09- Output character string

Action:	Writes a string to the display.
On entry:	AH = 09h DS:DX = segment:offset of string
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	The string must be terminated by the $ character (24h), which is not transmitted. Any ASCII codes can be embedded within the string.

Function 0Ah - Buffered input

Action:	Reads a string from the current input device up to and including an ASCII carriage return (0Dh), placing the received data in a user-defined buffer Input can be re directed, but this prevents detection of EOF
On entry:	AH = 0Ah DS:DX = segment:offset of string buffer
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	The first byte of the buffer specifies the maximum number of characters it can hold (1 to 255). This value must be supplied by the user. The second byte of the buffer is set by DOS to the number of characters actually read, excluding the terminating RETURN. If the buffer fills to one less than its maximum size the bell is sounded and subsequent input is ignored. If a CTRL-C is detected an INT 23h is executed. Normal DOS keyboard editing is supported during input

Function 0Bh - Get input status

Action:	Checks whether a character is available from the standard input device. Input can be redirected
On entry:	AH = 0Bh
Returns:	AL = 0 if no character available AL = 0FFh if character available
Notes:	Notes: if an input character is waiting this function continues to return a true flag until the character is read by a call to function 1, 6, 7, 8 or 0Ah.

Function 0Ch - Reset input buffer and input

Action:	Clears the standard input buffer then invokes one of the standard input functions.
On entry:	AH = 0Ch AL = number of input function to be invoked, which must be 1, 6, 7, 8 or 0Ah.
Returns:	If function 0Ah - Nothing If function 1, 6, 7, or 8 then AL = 8 bit data
Notes:	The purpose of this function is to ignore any type-ahead data and force a wait for new character input which must occur after the call is issued.

Function 0Dh - Disc reset

Action:	Flush all outstanding file buffers by physically updating to disc.
On entry:	AH = 0Dh
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	This call does not update disc directories for any open files. If the program fails to close files before the disc is removed and the files have changed size, their directory entries will be incorrect.

Function 0Eh - Set default disc drive

Action:	Sets the specified drive to be the default drive and returns the total number of logical drives in the system.
On entry:	AH = 0Eh DL = drive code (A: = 0, B: = 1, etc)
Returns:	AL = the number of logical drives in the system.
Notes:	In the 512's DOS Plus (2.1) this call always returns five as the number of logical drives, though a maxirnum of four are supported.

Function 0Fh - Open a file

Action:	Opens a file and makes it available for read/write operations.
On entry:	AH = 0Fh DS:DX = segment:offset of the file control block (FCB)
Returns:	AL = 0 if file found AL = FFh if file not found
Notes:	This call requires a user allocated memory control block. If the call is successful the FCB data is filled by DOS.

Function 10h - Close file

Action:	Closes a file and updates the directory if the file has been modified.
On entry:	AH = 10h DS:DX = Segment offset of the FCB for the file
Returns:	AL = 0 if directory updated successfully AL = 0FFh if fiIe not found in directory
Notes:	This call may only be used after a file has been successfully opened and an FCB created.

Function 11h - Find first file

Action:	Search for a specified filename in the current directory of the current drive.
On entry:	AH = 11h DS:DX = Segment:offset of the FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if matching filename found AL = 0FFh if no matching file found
Notes:	It is important to use INT 21h function 1Ah to set the DTA to a buffer of adequate size before using this call. In MSDOS v2 only the '?' wildcard is permitted. If wildcards are specified the first matching name is returned. If an extended FCB is used, an attribute byte determines the type of files searched for. INT 21h function 4Eh is preferred to this call.

Function 12h - Find next file

Action:	Searches the current directory in the current drive for the next matching filename after a previously successful call to function 11h.
On entry:	DS:DX = segment:offset of the FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if matching filename found AL = 0FFh if no matching file found
Notes:	As for Function 11h. Function 4Fh is preferred.

Function 13h - Delete file

Action:	Deletes all matching files from the current directory.
On entry:	AH = 13h DS:DX = Segment:offset of the FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if matching fie(s) deleted AL = 0FFh if no matching file found or all matching files are read-only.
Notes:	The '?' wildcard is permitted. If more than one match occurs all matched filenames will be deleted.

Function 14h - Sequential read

Action:	Reads the next sequential block of data from a file and increments the file pointer.
On entry:	AH = 14h DS.DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = 1 if end of file reached AL = 2 if segment wrap occurs AL = 3 if partial record read at end of file
Notes:	The record is read into memory at the DTA address specified by the most recent call to function 1Ah. The size of the block read is is specified by the record size field in the FCB.

Function 15h - Sequential write

Action:	Writes the next sequential block of data to a file and increments the file pointer.
On entry:	AH = 15h DS.DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = 1 if disc full AL = 2 if segment wrap occurs
Notes:	The record is written from memory at the DTA address specified by the most recent call to function 1Ah. The size of the block written is specified by the record size field in the FCB.

Function 16h - Create or truncate file

Action:	Creates a new entry in the current directory for the named file, or truncates the length of an existing file of the given name to zero length. The file is opened for read/wnte access.
On entry:	AH = 16h DS:DX = segment:offset of unopened FCB
Returns:	AL = 00h if successful AL = 0FFh if unsuccessful (directory full)
Notes:	Notes: This call is the equivalent of 'OPENOUT' in BBC BASIC and should be used with care. By using an extended PCB and setting the appropriate bit the opened file may be assigned an attribute. To create files in other directories use function 3Ch.

Function 17h- Rename file

Action:	Renames all matching files in the current directory
On entry:	AH = 17h DS:DX = Segment:offset of special FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = 0FFh if no match found or new filename already exists
Notes:

Function 18h - Reserved
Function 19h - Get default disc drive

Action:	Returns the drive code of the current or default drive.
On entry:	AH = 19h
Returns:	AL = drive code (0 = A:, 1 = B: etc)
Notes:	Some DOS functions use drive codes starting at 1 (e.g. function 1Ch) reserving zero for the current dnve.

Function 1Ah - Set disc transfer area address

Action:	Specifies the memory area to be used for subsequent FCB operations.
On entry:	AH = 1Ah DS:DX = Segment:offset of DTA
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	If this function is not used by a program, the DTA defaults to a 128 byte buffer in the PSP at 080h, the area used to hold the original command tail, which will then be destroyed by any disc activity. It is the programmer's responsibility to ensure that the DTA is large enough for any relevant disc operation. The only exception is that DOS will abort any transfer which would wrap around within the segment. This function must be called before using functions 11h, 12h, 14h or 4Fh, to ensure that DOS has a large enough scratch area when searching directories.

Function 1Bh - Get current drive allocation data

Action:	Obtains selected information about the current disc drive and a pointer to the identification byte of the FAT.
On entry:	AH = 1Bh
Returns:	If successful AL = Number of sectors per cluster DS:BX = Segment:offset of FAT identification byte CX = Size in bytes of physical disc sector DX = Number of clusters for the drive If unsuccessful (invalid drive) AL = 0FFh
Notes:	DS:BX points only to the FAT information byte. To read the contents of the FAT into memory use INT 25h. To obtain infomation about discs other than the default drive use function 1Ch. See also function 36h which returns similar data.

Function 1Ch - Get alloc. data for specified drive

Action:	Action: As for Function 1Bh, but any drive can be specified.
On entry:	AH = 1Ch DL = Drive code (NOTE 0 = current, 1 = A:, 2 = B:)
Returns:	If successful AL = Number of sectors per cluster DS.BX = Segment:offset of FAT identification byte CX = Size in bytes of physical disc sector DX = Number of clusters for the specified drive If unsuccessful (invalid drive or critical error) AL = 0FFh
Notes:	Except for the ability to specify a drive this call is the equivalent of Function 1Bh.

Functions 1Dh to 20h - Reserved

Function 2lh - Random read

Action:	Reads a selected record from an opened file.
On entry:	AH = 21h DS:DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = 1 if end of file reached AL = 2 if segment wrap occurs AL = 3 if partial record read at end of file
Notes:	The record is read into memory at the DTA address spedfied by the most recent call to Function 1Ah. The size of the block read is specified by the record size field in the FCB. If the size of the DTA and the record are such that segment wrap occurs, the call fails with a return code of 2. If a partial record read occurs the remaining space is padded with zeros. The current file pointer is not advanced after this function.

Function 22h - Random write

Action:
On entry:	AH = 22h DS:DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = 1 if disc full AL = 2 if segment wrap occurs
Notes:	The record is written from memory at the DTA address specified by the most recent call to Function 1Ah. The size of the block written is specified by the record size field in the FCB. If the size of the record and the location of the DTA are such that segment wrap occurs, the call fails with a return code of 2.

Function 23h - Get file size in records

Action:	Returns the record count of a matching file.
On entry:	AH = 23h DS:DX = Segment:offset of unopened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if matching file found AL = 0FFh if no matching file found
Notes:	Before using this call you must set an appropriate record size in the FCB's record size field. After the call the random record field is set to the record count of the specified file.

Function 24h - Set random record number

Action:	Sets the random record field of an FCB to correspond to the current file position as recorded in the opened FCB.
On entry:	AH = 24h DS:DX = segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	Nothing. The random record field in the FCB is updated
Notes:	This function is used to change from sequential to random I/O file access.

Function 25h - Set interrupt vector

Action:	Initialises an interrupt vector to point to the supplied address.
On entry:	AH = 25h AL = Interrupt number DS:DX = segment:offset of new vector address
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	This is the approved way to amend interrupt vector contents. Before changing the contents of a vector, Function 35h should be used to obtain the original entry, which should be re-instated when your code terminates. The only exceptions to this rule are interrupt vectors 22h to 24h, which are automatically restored from the PSP on program termination.

Function 26h - Create program segment prefix

Action:	Copies the PSP of the current program to a specified segment address in free memory, then updates the new PSP to make it usable by a new program.
On entry:	AH = 26h DX = Segment for new PSP
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	This call has been rendered obsolete by EXEC, Function 4Bh in DOS 2.0 and later and should no longer be used.

Function 27h - Random block read

Action:	Reads one or more sequential records from an open file starting at the file's current record position
On entry:	AH = 27h CX = Number of records to be read DS.DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if all requested records read AL = 1 if end of file AL = 2 if segment wrap AL = 3 if partial record read at end of file CX = Actual number of records read
Notes:	The records are read into memory at the DTA address specified by the most recent call to Function 1Ah. The size and number of blocks read is specified by the random record and the record size field in the FCB. If the size and. location of the DTA and the number of records to be read are such that segment wrap occurs, the call fails with a return code of 2, possibly after reading one or more records. if a partial record read occurs at the end of the file the remaining record space is padded with zeros The random record, current block and current record fields are updated after this function. The call is similar to Function 21h except that multiple blocks are permitted.

Function 28h - Random block write

Action:	Write one or more sequential records to an open file starting at the file's current record position.
On entry:	AH = 28h CX = Number of records to be wriflen or zero (see notes) DS:DX = Segment:offset of previously opened FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if all requested records written AL = 1 if disc full AL = 2 if segment wrap CX = Actual number of words written
Notes:	The records are written from memory at the DTA address specified by the most recent call to Function 1Ah. If the size and location of the DTA and the number of records to be written are such that segment wrap occurs the call fails with a return code of 2, possibly after writing one or more records. The random record, current block and current record fields are updated after this function. The call is similar to Function 21h except that multiple records may be read. If the call is executed with zero in CX no data is written, but the file length is set to the value implied by the current random record field and the record size. This call is similar to function 22h, except that multiple records may be written.

Function 29h - Parse filename

Action:	Parses a text string into the various fields of an FCB.
On entry:	AH = 29h AL = flags to control parsing, as follows: Bit 3: If set, the extension field in an existing FCB will be modified only if an extension is specified in the string being parsed. If clear, the extension field will always be modified. If no extension is specified the FCB extension field will be set to blanks (20h). Bit 2: if set, the filename field in an existing FCB will be modified only if a filename is specified in the string being parsed. if clear, the filename field will always be modified. If no filename is specified the FCB filename field will be set to blanks (20h). Bit 1: if set, the drive ID byte in the resulting FCB will be modified only if a drive ID is specified in the string being parsed. if clear, the drive ID will always be modified. If no drive is specified the drive ID in the resulting FCB will be set to zero, (default). Bit 0: if set, leading separators will be ignored. DS:SI = Segment:offset of text string ES:DI = Segment:offset of FCB
Returns:	AL = 0 if no global (wildcard) characters encountered AL = 1 if parsed string contains global characters AL = 0FFh if drive specifier is invalid DS:SI = Segment:offset of first character after parsed name ES:DI = Segment:offset of formatted, unopened FCB
Notes:	Permitted separators are: - : . ; , = + TAB and SPACE The call regards all control characters, the above separators (when trailing) and < > I / " [ and [ as terninating characters. If no valid filename is present the contents of ES:DI+1 is a blank. If a '*' occurs in an extension, it and all remaining characters in the FCB are set to '?'. This function (and FCBs in general) cannot be used with file specifications which include a path.

Function 2Ah - Get system date

Action:	Returns the system day, month and year plus the day of the week.
On entry:	AH = 2Ah
Returns:	CX = year (1980 to 2099) DH = month (1 to 12) DL = day of month(1 to 31) AL = day number in week (0 to 6 = Sunday to Saturday)
Notes:	The format of the registers returned by this call is the same as that required by Function 2Bh. Although shown above as decimal values for clarity, all values are in hex.

Function 2Bh - Set system date

Action:	Reset the date held in the system clock
On entry:	AH = 2Bh CX = year (1980 to 2099) DH = month (1 to 12) DL = day of month (1 to 31)
Returns:	AL = 0 if successful AL = if invalid date supplied (no change)
Notes:	The system time of day is unaffected by this call.

Function 2Ch - Get system time

Action:	Returns the time of day as held by the system clock.
On entry:	AH = 2Ch
Returns:	CH = hour(0 to 23) CL = minute (0 to 59) DH = second (0 to 59) DL = centiseconds (0 to 99)
Notes:	The register format returned by this call is the same as that required by Function 2Dh.

Function 2Dh - Set system time

Action:	Sets the time of day held in the system clock.
On entry:	AH = 2Dh CH = hour(0 to 23) CL = minute (0 to 59) DH = second (0 to 59) DL = centiseconds (0 to 99)
Returns:	AL = 0 if time reset successfully AL = 0FFh if invalid time supplied (no change)
Notes:

Function 2Eh - Set verify flag

Action:	Sets or cancels the system read after write verify flag.
On entry:	AH = 2Fh AL = 0 to turn verification off AL = 1 to turn verification on DL should be set to zero
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	This call is intended to provide increased data integrity by allowing read after write verification on all data written to disc. It is the equivalent to the DOS command VERIFY and, like the manual command, is non-functional in DOS Plus 2.1.

Function 2Fh - Get DTA address

Action:	Returns the segment:offset of the current DTA for read/write operations.
On entry:	AH = 2Fh
Returns:	ES:BX = Segment.offset of current DTA
Notes:	If the DTA has not been explicitly set it defaults to 080h in the PSP.

Function 30h - Get DOS version

Action:	Returns the version number of the Operating System.
On entry:	AH = 30h
Returns:	AL = Major version number (e.g. 2.10 = 2) AH = Minor version number (e.g. 2.10 = 0Ah)
Notes:	In the 512 this call returns 2.11.

Function 31h - Terminate & stay resident (keep)

Action:	Terminate program execution but leave memory allocated.
On entry:	AH = 31h AL = Return code DX = memory size to be reserved (in paragraphs)
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	Notes: TSR programs are usually re-entered by having previously re-directed an interrupt vector to point back into the code. In this way the program may be re-entered as a result of normal system activity, or as a result of an explicit call by another program.

Function 32h - Get disc info (Undocumented call)

Action:	Returns the pointer to the specified disc drive information block
On entry:	AH = 32h DL = drive number (0 = default, 1 = A: etc)
Returns:	AL = 0 if drive valid DS:BX = segment:offset of disk information block AL = 0FFh if invalid drive number
Notes:	This call is unofficial and is not supported by DOS Plus.

Function 33h Get or set CTRL-BREAK flag

Action:	Returns or sets the CTRL-BREAK action
On entry:	AH = 33h If getting the status of the flag: AL = 0 If setting the flag: AL = 1 DL = 0 to turn CTRL-BREAK checking off DL = 1 to turn CTRL-BREAK checking on
Returns:	DL = 0 if CTRL-BREAK checking off DL = 1 if CTRL-BREAK checking on
Notes:	Notes: This command is the functional equivalent of the DOS command BREAK. Like that command, in the 512 this call is non-functional.

Function 34h - Find active byte (Undocumented)

Action:	Returns the number of currently active processes
On entry:	AH = 34h
Returns:	ES:BX = Segment:offset of active byte address
Notes:	This call is unofficial and is not supported by DOS Plus. In MSDOS it is mainly used by TRS.

Function 35h - Get interrupt vector

Action:	Returns the segment:offset of a nominated vector.
On entry:	AH = 35h AL = interrupt number
Returns:	ES:BX = Segment offset of interrupt vector contents
Notes:	This is the approved way to read interrupt vector contents. The original contents of the vector, after storage, can be amended by a call to function 25h.

Function 36h - Get free disc space

Action:	Gives the number of free clusters on a specified disc.
On entry:	AH = 36h DL = Drive code (0 = default, 1 = A: etc)
Returns:	If specified drive valid: AX = Sectors per cluster BX = number of available clusters CX = bytes per sector DX = Clusters (allocation units) per drive If specified drive is invalid: AX = 0FFFFh
Notes:	Similar information is returned by functions 1Bh and 10h

Function 37h- Reserved

Function 38h - Get country information

Action:	Reading geographically variable system constants.
On entry:	AH = 38h AL = 0 DS.DX = Segment:offset of a 32 byte control block
Returns:	If unsuccessful Carry flag set AX = Error code If successful the 32 byte block contents are as follows. 5 byte currency symbol add, null terminated 2 byte thousands separator, null terminated 2 byte decimal separator, null terminated 2 byte date separator, null terminated 1 byte bit field currency format Bit 0: clear if currency symbol precedes value, set if value precedes currency symbol Bit 1: clear if no space between the value and the currency symbol, Set if a space required 1 byte time format Bit 0: clear for 12 hour clock, set for 24 hour clock 2 words for case map call address 2 bytes data list separator, null terminated 5 words reserved
Notes:	Unlike its MSDOS counterpart, this call does not permit the stored information to be amended.

Function 39h - Create subdirectory

Action:	Creates a new subdirectory using the specified drive and path data.
On entry:	AH = 39h DS:DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ path specification
Returns:	Carry: clear if successful, set if unsuccessful, when: AX = 3 if path not found, 5 if access denied
Notes:	The function fails if: Any part of the pathname does not exist. A directory of the same name already exists in the same path. The parent directory is the root and it is full.

Function 3Ah - Delete subdirectory

Action:	Deletes a specified subdirectory.
On entry:	AH = 3Ah DS:DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ path specification
Returns:	Carry clear if succesful Carry set if unsuccessful, when: AX = Error code as follows: 3: path not found 5: access denied 6: current directory 16: directory contains files
Notes:	The function fails if: Any part of the pathname does not exist. The specified directory is the curmnt directory. The specified directory still contains files.

Function 3Bh - Set current directory

Action:	Sets the specified directory to be the current directory.
On entry:	AH = 3Bh DS.DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ path specification
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, Set if unsuccessful, when: AX = Error code 3: path not found
Notes:	The call fails if any part of the pathname does not exist. Commonly the current directory is ascertained by a call to function 47h, then stored by a program so the original current directory can be reset on completion of operations.

Function 3Ch - Create or truncate file

Action:	Creates a new entry in the specified directory on the specified drive for the named file, or truncates the length of an existing file of the given name and path specification to zero length. The file is opened for read/write access and a 16 bit handle is returned for future access.
On entry:	AH = 3Ch CX = File attribute: 0 = normal 1 = read only, 2 = hidden, 3 = system DS:DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ file specification
Returns:	Carry clear if successful: AX = file handle Carry set if unsuccessful: AX = Error code as follows 3: Path not found 4: No handle available (too many files) 5: Access denied
Notes:	The function fails if: Any part of the pathname does not exist. A file of the same name afready exists in the same path with the read only attribute set. The parent directory is the root and it is full.

Function 3Dh - Open file

Action:	Opens a file in the specified or default directory on the specified drive for the named file. A 16-bit handle is returned for future access.
On entry:	AH = 3Dh AL = access mode, where: 0 = read access 1 = write access 2 = read/write access All other bits off DS.DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ file specification
Returns:	Carry clear if successful: AX = file handle Carry set if unsuccessful AX = Error code as follows 2: File not found 3: Path does not exist 4: No handle available (too many files) 5: Access denied 0Ch: Access code invalid
Notes:	Any normal system or hidden file with a matching name will be opened by this function. On return the read/write pointer is set to zero, the start of the file. The call fails if: 1. Any part of the path does not exist. 2. A read only file is opened for write or read/write access.

Function 3Eh - Close file

Action:	Closes a successfully opened file. All buffers are flushed to disc and the file handle is freed for re-use. If the file was modified, the date and time stamps and the file length are updated in the directory entry.
On entry:	AH = 3Eh BX = the file handle
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, set if failed, when AX = error code 6, invalid handle or not open
Notes:	In MSDOS calling this function with a handle of zero closes the standard input device! DOS Plus does not suffer from this bug.

Function 3Fh - Read file or device

Action:	Reads a specified number of bytes from a successfully opened file or device.
On entry:	AH = 3Fh BX = File handle CX = Nurnber of bytes to be read DS:DX = Segment:offset of buffer area
Returns:	Carry clear if successful AX = number of bytes read AX = 0 means that EOF was already reached. Carry set if failed, and AX = Error code as follows: 5: Access denied 6: Invalid handle or not open
Notes:	If reading frorn a character device in cooked mode, a maximum of one line will be read, as a carriage return (0Dh) is treated as a record terminator. If the carry flag is clear and AX is less than CX a partial record was read or there was an error.

Function 40h - Write to file or device

Action:	Reads a specified number of bytes from a successfully opened file or device.
On entry:	AH = 40h BX = File handle CX = Number of bytes to be written DS:DX = Segment:offset of buffer area
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, when AX = number of bytes written AX = 0 means the disc is full Carry set if failed, when: AX = Error code as follows: 5: Access denied 6: Invalid handle or not open
Notes:	If the carry flag is clear and AX is less than CX, this means that a partial record was written or there was an error.

Function 41h - Delete file

Action:	Deletes a file from the specified or default disc and directory.
On entry:	AH = 41h DS.DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ file specification
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, set if failed, when AX = Error code as follows: 2: File not found 5: Access denied
Notes:	This deletes a file by deleting its directory entry. The ASCIIZ string specifying the file may not include wildcards. The function fails if: Any part of the path does not exist. The specified file has a read-only attribute.

Function 42h- Move file pointer

Action:	Sets the file pointer to the specified position relative to the start or end of the file, or to the current pointer location.
On entry:	AH = 42h, AL = method code as follows. 0: Absolute byte offset from start of the file. (Always +ve double integer) 1: Byte offset from current location (+ve or -ve double integer) 2: Byte offset from the end of the file (+ve or -ve double integer) BX = File handle CX = MSB of offset DX = LSB of offset
Returns:	Carry clear if successful DX = MSB of new pointer location AX = LSB of new pointer location Carry set if failed, when AX = Error code as follows: 1: function number invalid 6: invalid handle or not open
Notes:	The method code determines the relative base for the pointer move, which uses a 32 bit integer to set the new location. Method 2, if called with an offset of zero returns the length of the file as the new pointer value. Method 1 or 2 can set the pointer to a location before the start of the file, but an error will occur if a subsequent attempt is made to use this pointer location. For all methods (and results) the returned pointer location is always an absolute byte offset from the start of the file.

Function 43h - Get or set file attributes

Action:	Obtains or sets the attributes of the specified file.
On entry:	AH = 43h AL = 0, get file attribute or AL = 1, set file attribute CX = new attribnte (when AL = 1) as follows: bit 5 = archive bit 2 = system bit 1 = hidden bit 0 = read only DS:DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ file specification
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, CX = attribute (when AL was 1) Carry set if failed, AX = Error code as follows: 1: function code invalid 2: file not found 3: path not found or file not found 5: attribute cannot be changed
Notes:	This function cannot be used to set a file's volume label bit (3), or the sub-directory bit (4). These may only be changed by using an extended ECB.

Function 44h- Device driver control (IOCTL)

Action:	Passes information directly between an application and a device driver.
On entry:	AH = 44h AL = 6 get input status AL = 7 - get output status BX = handle
Returns:	Carry clear if successful AL = 0: For device or output file = Not Ready. For input file = Pointer at EOF AL = FFh: For device, input or output file = Ready Carry set if failed, when AX = Error code as follows: 1: AL not 6 or 7 5: Acces denied 6: Invalid handle or not open 0Dh: Invalid data
Notes:	This call is a partial implementation of the full MS/PCDOS flindion, as it only supports status checkng in the 512.

Function 45h - Duplicate handle

Action:	Returns a second handle for a file or device which has already been successfully opened.
On entry:	AH = 45h BX = existing file or device handle
Returns:	Carry clear if successful AX = new handle Carry set if failed, when AX = Error code as follows: 4: No handle available 6: Handle invalid or not open
Notes:	If the file pointer attached to one handle is implicitly moved by a seek, read or write, the pointer for the other handle is also moved. The purpose of this call is to force directory updating for a file without having to close it (and then re-open it). After obtaiidng the new handle, the logical file associated with it is closed by function 3Eh, forcing a directory update, but leaving the original handle available for further input/output operations.

Function 46h - Force duplicate of handle

Action:	Given two handles, make the second refer to the same file at the same point as the first.
On entry:	AH = 46h BX = first file handle CX = second file handle
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, set if failed when AX = Error code 4: No handles available 6: Invalid handle or not open
Notes:	If the handle specified in CX already refers to an open file, that file is closed before this function is performed. After the call, if the file pointer attached to one handle is implicitly moved by a seek, read or write, the pointer for the other handle is also moved.

Function 47h - Get current directory

Action:	Obtains the ASCIIZ string of the current directory's path.
On entry:	AH = 47h DL = Drive code (0 = default, 1 = A:, etc) DS:SI = Segment:offset of 64byte scratch buffer
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, full directory pathnarne is placed in the buffer. Carry set if failed when AX = Error code as follows: 4: No handle available 6: Drive specification invalid
Notes:	The returned pathnarne does not mdude the drive ID, nor is it prefixed with a '\'. It is terminated by a null byte, therefore if this call is issued from the root directory, the first byte in the buffer will be zero.

Function 48h - Allocate memory

Action:	Allocates a block of memory and returns a pointer to the start of the area.
On entry:	AH = 48h BX Number of paragraphs of memory needed
Returns:	Carry clear if successful when AX = first segment of allocated block Carry set if failed when AX = Error code as follows: 7: memory control blocks destroyed 8: insufficient memory, BX = size of largest available block
Notes:	If the call succeeds AX:0000 points to the start of the block. When a COM file loads, it conceptually owns all the remainder of memory from its PSP upwards. This call may be used to lirnit a program's memory allocation to its immediate requirements.

Function 49h - Release memory

Action:	Releases memory to make it available to other programs.
On entry:	AH = 49h BX = New requested block size in paragraphs ES = Start segment of block to be modified
Returns:	Carry clear if successful, set if failed when AX = Error code as follows: 7 = memory control blocks destroyed 8 = insufficient memory 9 = incorrect segment in ES BX = Size of largest available block
Notes:	This call modifies the size of a block of memory previously allocated through Function 48h. The call must be used by a COM program to release all unused memory before spawning by means of EXEC, Function 4Bh. EXE programs may also use this call.

Function 4Bh - Execute program

Action:	Loads a program for execution under the control of an existing program. By means of altering the INT 22h to 24h vectors, the calling prograrn can ensure that, on termination of the called program, control returns to itself.
On entry:	AH = 4Bh AL = 0: Load and execute a program AL = 3: Load an overlay DS.DX = segment:offset of the ASCIIZ pathname ES:BX = Segment:offset of the parameter block Parameter block bytes: 0-1: Segment pointer to envimmnemnt block 2-3: Offset of command tail 4-5: Segment of command tail 6-7: Offset of the first FCB to be copied to new PSP+5Ch 8-9: Segment of the first FCB Ah-Bh Offset of the second FCB to be copied to new PSP+6Ch Ch-Dh Segment of the second FCB
Returns:	Carry clear if successful. On return all register contents are destroyed, including the stack pointers. Carry set if failed when AX = Error code as follows: 1: Function invalid 2: File not found or path invalid 5: Access denied 8: Insufficient memory 0Ah: Environment invalid 0Bh Format invalid
Notes:	To protect the caller's register contents they should be pushed on the stack and the stack pointers, SS:SP stored in a known location before the call. On return these should be retrieved immediately with interrupts disabled to prevent interrupts occuring before stack integrity is regained. The ASCIIZ pathnarne must include the drive, path and filename of the program to be loaded. The environment block must be paragraph-aligned and consist of one or more ASCIIZ strings, all terminated by an extra zero byte. Command tails are in the usual format for PSPs, that is, a count byte and the command tail terminated by a carriage return, which is not included in the count. All active handles, devices and I/O redirection assignments in the calling program are inherited by the executed program.

Function 4Ch - Terminate program with return code

Action:	Terminates execution of a program with return to COMMAND.COM or a calling routine, passing back a return code. Allocated memory is freed, vectors for interrupts 22h to 24h are restored from the PSP and all file buffers are flushed to media. All files are closed and directories are updated.
On entry:	AH = 4Ch AL = Return code (Error level)
Returns:	Nothing
Notes:	This is the approved method of terminating program execution. It is the only way that does not rely on the contents of any segment register and is thus the simplest exit, particularly for EXE files. The return code can be interrogated by a calling program by means of function 4Dh, and by the batd' file commands, IF ERRORLEVEL. Conventionally a return code of zero indicates success, any other value failure. Standard DOS return codes are: 0: Successful operation 1: CTRL-BREAK termination 2: Critical error terrnination 3: Terminated and stayed resident Return code values can be used at the discretion of the programmer (avoiding codes 1 to 3), thus both success or a wide range of failure types may be indicated by varying the code. For the return of result codes to the caller by an EXEced program a better method is to use other registers, but only the contents of register AL are significant to the batch command ERRORLEVEL.

Function 4Dh - Get return code

Action:	Used by a parent task to obtain the return code of a program executed by a call to function 4Bh.
On entry:	AH = 4Dh
Returns:	AH = Exit type: 0 Normal termination 1: CTRL-C termination 2: Terminated by critical device error 3: Terminated by a call to function 31h AL = Return code
Notes:	This call is a 'one-shot' function, that is, it will yield the return code of a called program once only.

Function 4Eh - Search for first match

Action:	Searches the default or specified drive:directory for the first occurrence of a matching filename.
On entry:	AH = 4Eh
Returns:	CX = Attribute to use in search DS:DX = Segment:offset of ASCIIZ file specification
Notes:

CX = 0 if successful. The current DTA is filled as follows:

Bytes
0-20: Reserved for use by DOS in subsequent calls
21: Attribute of matched file
22-23: File time stamp
24-25: File date stamp
26-27: least significant word of file size
28-29: Most significant word of file size
30-42:: Filenarne.extension in ASCIIZ string form
Carry set if failed, AX = Error code as follows
02h path invalid
12h: no rnatching directory entry

This call assumes the DTA has heat set up by a successful call to function 1Ah.

Both wildcards (? and *) are permitted in filenames, but only the first matching name is returned.

if the attribute in CX is zero only normal files are searched. If the volume label attribute bit is set only volume labels are returned. For all other attribute settings, (i.e, hidden, system or directory) those files and normal files are searched

Function 4Fh - Search for next match

Action:	Searches for the next matching file after a previously successful call to Function 4Eh.
On entry:	AH = 4Fh
Returns:	Carry clear if successful The current DTA is filled as follows:- Bytes 0-20 : reserved for use by DOS in subsequent calls 21: Attribute of matched file 22-23: File time stamp 24-25: File date stamp 26-27: least significant word of file size 28-29: Most significant word of file size 30-42: Filenarne.extension in ASCIIZ string form Carry set if failed, AX = Error code 12h: no matching directory entry
Notes:	When used this call requires a DTA containing returned data from a previously successful call to function 4Eh or 4Fh. Use of function 4Fh is only relevant when the original file spedacation used in function 4Eh included at least one wildcard.

Function 50h - Get disc information (Undocumented call)

Action:	Returns a pointer to the disc information block.
On entry:	AH = 50h DL = drive number (0 = default, 1 = A: etc)
Returns:	AL = 0 if drive exists DS:BX = Segment:offset of disc information block AL = 0FFh if failed
Notes:	This call is unofficial and is not supported by DOS Plus.

Function 51h - Reserved

Function 52h- Reserved

Function 53h - Reserved

Function 54h - Get verify flag

Action:	Reads the current state of the verify flag.
On entry:	AH = 54h
Returns:	AL = 0 if verify off AL = 1 if verify on
Notes:	This call is the countepart of function 2Eh. In DOS Plus AL is always returned as zero.

Function 55h - Reserved

Fundion 56h - Rename file

Action:	Renames a file and or moves its directory entry to a different directory on the disc.
On entry:	AH = 55h DS:DX = Segment:offset of current ASCIIZ filename ES:DI = Segment:offset of new ASCIIZ filename
Returns:	Carry clear if successful Carry set if failed, AX = Error code as follows: 2: File not found 3 : path not found or the file doesn't exist 5: Access denied 11h : new name not same device
Notes:	The call fails if: Any part of the pathnarne does not exist. The new filename refers to a different disc. The new name is in the root directory, which is full. A file with the new path and name already exist.

Function 57h - Get or set file date and time

Action:
On entry:	AH = 57h BX = file handle AL = 0 to get date and time AL = 1 to set date and time CX = time: bits 9-0Fh = hours (0-23) bits 5-8 = minutes (0-59) bits 0-4 = No. of two-second increments (0-29) DX = date. bits 9 - = year relative to 1980 (0-119, i.e. 1980-2099) bits 5-8 = month of year(1 to 12) bits 0-4 = day of month(1 to 31)
Returns:	Carry clear if successful If getting date and time: CX = time (in format above) DX = date (in format above) Carry set if failed, AX = Error code as follows: 1 - function code invalid 6 - file handle invalid
Notes:	The file must have been previously opened or created by a call to function 3Ch or 3Dh. For simplicity the date and time formats are shown above in the sequence they are stored in the directory.

This completes the list of INT 21h function codes valid in DOS PIus 2.1.

Functions 58h and above are only available in versions of MSDOS later than 2.11, and with the exception of function 63, later than version 3.0.

Download Aspen HYSYS 3.2

2009-09-16T13:45:00.001+06:00

HYSYS 3.2 is the second minor release on the HYSYS 3 series and builds on the significant advancement in simulation technology offered in HYSYS 3.01 and 3.1. As with every AspenTech product, it reflects our commitment to delivering Process Asset Lifecycle Management within a platform that is the world leader in ease of use and flexibility, and sets the standard for an open engineering environment. This version provides the technology framework to support Steady State process design, Dynamic operatibility and management, Asset Planning and Utilization and Real Time Optimization. This allows you, our customer, to further leverage your modeling investment to obtain real business benefits.

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VS.PHP for Visual Studio 2008

2009-09-16T13:28:00.004+06:00

VS.Php is a PHP IDE (integrated development environment) based on Visual Studio IDE. With VS.Php you can design, develop, debug and deploy PHP applications within the Visual Studio IDE. VS.Php key features are around providing rich PHP editor as well as Smarty editing capabilities. Also is the ability to debug PHP scripts locally as well as remotely.

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* Work on remote files directly

HomePage:
http://www.jcxsoftware.com/vs.php

Download:
http://rapidshare.com/files/133229334/VS.Php.for.Visual.Studio.2008.v2.5.3.4870.rar

100+ Sites to Download All Sorts of Things

2009-09-13T17:04:00.002+06:00

100+ Sites to Download All Sorts of Things

These days you can find all sorts of things online, from audio books to flash files, from sound effects to CSS templates. Below we compiled a list with over 100 download sites that serve that purpose.

We will also try to keep the list updated, so if your favorite download site is not here, let us know about it with a comment.

Audio Books

Librivox: One of the most popular audio libraries on the web. The LibriVox volunteers record books that are in the public domain and release them for free.

Podiobooks: Similar to podcast, Podiobooks are serialized audiobooks that are distributed through RSS feeds. You can receive book episodes or download directly from the site.

Oculture (Audio & Podcast): Offers a rich array of educational and cultural media. The site editor scours through the web to find the best cultural and educational media available.

Learn Out Loud: A one-stop destination for video and audio learning resources. You can browse through over 15,000 educational audio books MP3 downloads, podcasts, and videos. The site also contains various free resources.

BitTorrent

The Pirate Bay: The web’s largest collection of bit torrent trackers. The Pirate Bay banks on its member file sharers to cull the web’s torrent files and make these available to users.

Mininova.org : What started as an alternative to the now defunct Supernova that went offline in 2004, Mininova has become the biggest torrent search engine and directory on the web. The site provides easy-to-use directory and search for all types of torrent files.

Torrent Portal : This P2P and file sharing site works like Google by linking only to .torrent metafiles and captures the caches of those files. It does not store files nor transfer data which are content linked to by .torrent files.

Now Torrents: The site scans torrent websites on the internet to provide the best results to users. Now Torrents provides an advanced real-time search engine for bit-torrents while at the same detecting and removing fake or dead torrent sites.

Torrentz: This Sweden-based torrent meta-search engine also indexes various major torrents sites including Mininova, The Pirate Bay and Demonoid. It provides various trackers per torrent that would work when another tracker is not working.

Books and Documents

Scribd: A virtual place where you can publish, discover, discuss, and share original writings and document. With 50 million unique page views per month, Scribd is a great place to learn new things.

Sheet Music Archive: The web’s most popular music web site. The site contains more than 22,000 classical music pieces and more than 100,000 sheet of music. It offers hundreds of free music downloads and more for subscriptions.

Computer Books.us: The site offers high quality computer related books for free download. These computer books are all legally distributed and their authors have granted permissions for the site to distribute their works.

Docstoc: This is your ultimate resource for free legal and business documents. Docstoc does not only allow you to download documents for free but it also lets you upload and share your own documents.

Tech Books for Free Download: If you’re looking for free books on Java, Perl/Phyton or other computer programming related books, this site might be of help. It offers books covering technology subjects for free download.

Project Gutenberg: The most comprehensive repository of ebooks on the web. Project Gutenberg was built by volunteers and now houses more than 27,000 titles of ebooks in its catalog.

Free eMagazine Download – covers a comprehensive collection of free emagazines for free download.

eBooks

KnowFree: The site offers a virtual place to exchange ebooks freely., video training, and other educational materials . Know Free features a very nice search engine which enables users to search for a particular materias fast.

Spotbit: Providing a paperless solution to publishing and for selling e-books, Spotbit makes e-book available in a different digital format than what is available on the web lately. Spotbit offers a simple Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology for E-books format.

Ebookshare: Provides link to either an e-books torrent files or direct download to the file itself. E-books are categorized into broader subject and the site has a nice search engine to aid you in finding the e-book you want.

Ebookee: A free book search engine. Ebookee helps you in finding e-book titles that you are particularly looking for. The E-books listed on the site are organized in general subject categories.

Wowio: The site lets you access legally available high-quality e-books. Wowio lets you read complete books online for free. If you want to download the PDF versions, Wowio charges a minimal fee.

Internet Archive – With the aim of building an Internet Library, this site features texts, audio, moving images, and software as well as archived web pages in its collections.

Clipart

Open Clip Art Library: The site is an ongoing project to create an archive of user contributed database of clip art that can used freely. Open Clip Art Library upholds the Creative Commons and encourages users to participate in generating contents.

WP Clipart: Offers more than 29000 public domain clip art images which were designed specifically for use with Word Processors. WP Clipart provides thousands of color graphic clips, illustrations, photographs and black and white line art in lossless, PNG format.

Clker: The site offers royalty free clip art in SVG, ODG and PNG format which are in public domain. It lets you easily embed these images in openoffice documents.

Clipart.com: The web’s largest collection of royalty-free clipart, vinyl-ready images, photos, web graphics, fonts, illustrations, and sounds. Clipart offers paid subscription to its database containing 10 million+ professional-quality images in various formats including .EPS, .JPG, .PNG, and .WMF.

Download Hubs

Softpedia: The site contains more than 500,000 sofware programs Windows, Unix/Linux, Mac, Mobile Phones, Games and Drivers. Some of software programs in Softpedia are freeware while some are shareware.

Download.com: Cnet’s most comprehensive library of freeware offers free download. Download.com contains tons of Windows software ranging from security software, digital photo software, educational software and more.

Open Source Mac: A handy reference and useful tools that encourages users to utilize free and open-source software.. Open Source Mac offers a simple list of the best and free software for the Mac OS X.

Free Downloads Center: Hosts a collection of free software, games and other desktop goodies which you can download for free. Free Downloads Center also offers a Give Away of the Day licensed software which you can download during the day only.

Tucows: The web’s original software download site. Tucows contains more than 40,000 software titles which are freeware or shareware.

Phazeddl: Hosts download warez, games, torrents, movies, software, apps, scripts, TV shows, ebooks, templates as well as key-gen of crack softwares.

Freeware

A+Freeware: The site offers choice applications or “A+Freeware” which become useful only when combined with a valid operating system. A+Freeware lets you get copies of software for free.

Best Freeware Download: A free wares site which allows you to register and save links on the site’s member account areas. Best Freeware Download is categorized into communication desktop and games. Gamers would definitely want to check this site from time to time to check on new freewares to be added.

Free Ware Box: The site offers categorized summary of freeware software. Freeware Box contains open source software, public domain and other types of free software, all available for free download.

Freeware Zoom: This site offers freeware for free download. Freeware Zoom is updated daily and it contains no adware or spyware.

File Hippo: The site has considerable number of freeware, demo and shareware programs which are of high quality. File Hippo puts a premium on quality software rather than quantity. Hence the site offers only the best software.

Windows Downloads: Download.com’s Windows-only software download site offers softwre which were tested to be 100% free of malware.

Major Geeks: Offers only the serious software meant for the serious geeks. It hosts the most comprehensive collection of computer utilities available on the web.

Brothersoft: The site offers more than 100,000 software for free download. Brothersoft does not only offer free software download but also thoroughly evaluate all the software submitted to them.

Flash Files

Ffiles: The web’s richest repository of free Flash Files. Ffiles contains Flash files which you can download freely. It also allows you to upload your own Flash files that you want to share with other users.

Flash Kit: If you’re a flash developer, Flash Kit is the site for you. It’s the ultimate online resource for Macromedia Flash development.

Flash Den: This site contains everything that you need for your Adobe lash project. You can buy preloaders, templates and other things you need to finish your project. And most of these Flash components sell for as low as $1.

Fonts

Dafont: If you’re looking for some cool fonts to use for whatever purposes, you could probably pick up one or two font style at this site. Dafont offers freely downloadable fonts. You can browse fonts by author, by style or by popularity.

1001 Free Fonts: This site has a big collection of TrueType fonts which are either freeware or shareware. 1001 Free Fonts offers free fonts for both Windows and Mac platforms.

Download Free Fonts: A simply designed online resource for thousands of free fonts. Download Free Fonts contains free fonts for Windows and Mac. You can use the site’s search box to find the font you are specifically looking for or browse through the font categories.

Show Font: The site lets you download fonts for free. Show Font contains TrueType fonts for both PC and MAC. It also provides font editor and font management tools.

FontStruct: Aside from offering freely downloadable fonts, Fonstruct also has a font editor and font management applications available online. FontStruct lets you build fonts, share it with others and download fonts made by other people as well.

Games

Liberated Games: This is a simple listing site offering free downloads of legally available games. It’s a straight-out listing of these different games including their download links.

NDS-ROMS: This is a heaven sent site for NDS gamers. NDS-ROMs offer free downloads of publicly available ROMs.

Iwin: The Internet’s largest selection of free game downloads. You can choose to play games in the popular categories.

Donwload Full Version PC Games: This is a blog site containing 100 best legal, free, and full version of games. The site covers free action games, free action games and 3rd person games.

Abandonia: If you’re up for some good old DOS-based gaming experience, Abandonia may have those games. Abandonia offers DOS games which have been abandoned for so long.

Best of Games: The site offers various old games and certainly has many of them on the site. Best of all, Best of games offers these games for free download.

Free Games – A search engine for free games that can be played online or downloaded to your machine. It also covers cheat codes.

Movies

ZML: One of the Internet’s most useful download service. ZML offers update subscriptions and lets you find out about current movies by subscribing to ZML.

Free Documentaries: offer free Streaming Independent Documentary Films, Environment Documentary, Israel, Palestine, War, George Bush, Afghanistan, Iraq, 9/11, Globalization, Media, and more.

Moving Image Archive: A comprehensive library of free movies, films, and videos uploaded by the site users. Moving images include full-length films, news broadcasts, cartoons and concerts. Not all of the videos are free to download though.

MP3

eMusic: The world’s biggest online retailer of independent music and audio books. eMusic holds more than 40,000 independent labels and almost 5,000 titles of audio books from top publishers.

Jazz on Line: The web’s most comprehensive online resources of digitalized Jazz music. Jazz on Line hosts only songs which are in public domain.

Jimmyr: A search engine for mp3 music and other digital files. Jimmyr crawls through the various mp3 resources available on the web using Google Custom Search Engine.

Music Download: The ultimate source for legally available and freely downloadable digital music on the Internet. It’s from Cnet.com, so you are pretty sure that most of the files are safe to download.

beeMP3: A music search engine useful for finding mp3-audio files available on the web. BeeMP3 currently indexes around 800,000 mp3 files.

Download Any Stuff: A digital file search engine that provides download links to free stuff over the Internet. Download Any Stuff lets you search for MP3 files, softwares, drivers, games, movies, ebooks, even Torrents and more.

Skreemr: Another music search engine that you can use to locate audio files available on the web. Skreemr currently indexes and crawls more than 6 million mp3 files from 100,000 web sites.

iLike: A social music discover site that allows you not only to discover music playlists available on the web but also to share your own playlists to the world. iLike also links to iTunes and Amazon music stores.

eMP3 World: A free mp3 download site. eMP3 World currently holds around 85,000 mp3 download links on its database.

Jamendo/: An online community of free, legal and unlimited digital music content. Jamendo offers only those music which have been licensed under Creative Commons. The site lets you share your own music and create your own widget playlists which you can embed to your site or social networking profiles.

Online Video

Vixy:An online video converter that you can use to convert a Flash video / FLV file or YouTube videos to MPEG4 format. Vixy uses a compressed domain transcoder technology. You can enter a YouTube link to have it converted into MPEG4 online.

Keepvid: The site lets you download streaming videos from YouTube, Putfile, Metacafe and other video streaming sites. After downloading you need to convert it into another format depending on what media player you are using. Or you can use FLV’s own media player instead.

Javimoya: Another good video downloader site. Javimoya supports many video streaming sites including YouTube, Metacafe, MySpace Music, and more.
VideoDownloadx: The site allows you to download videos from YouTube and save these videos to your PC. You also need to download an FLV player to view the videos from your local hard drive or convert the file into other formats that can be read by your media player software.

Download YouTube Videos as mp4 Files: This blog post gives a detailed instruction on how to download videos directly from YouTube in mp4 format. No need to use a third-party site to scrape the video off from YouTube.

Kiss YouTube: Offers an easy and simple way of downloading and saving YouTube video directly to your computer. You can enter the URL of the video on the Kiss You Tube site, or add the word “kiss” on the URL of the YouTube video to download the file. Either way, you will still download the file from the Kiss You Tube site itself.

Download YouTube Videos: This site lets you download YouTube videos faster and easier. You just nee to enter the YouTube URL of the videos that you want to download

keepHD - lets you download HD videos off Youtube. It also lets download the mobile 3GP version for your mobile devices plus the standard MP4 and FLV format.

Photoshop and Design

Deviant Art Photoshop Brushes: A collection of artsy paintshop brushes used by Deviant Art members. You can download the paint brushes or share it to other people.

Adobe Market Place and Exchange: Adobe’s online resource containing tools, services, and innovations relating to Adobe’s various products. The site also let you discover Adobe AIR runtime applications.

Pixel Chick: Offers both free and paid Photoshop brushes that are compatible with CS2 and CS3.

Vecteezy: Serves as an index of free vector graphics that are available for download from the web. Vecteezy’s vector graphics were created by famous designers.

Busheezy: A huge collection of free Photoshop brushes and patterns. Busheezy is updated daily and also accepts submission of Photoshop brushes from online users.

Vector 4 Free: A free vector graphics site for Adobe Illustrator AI, EPS, PDF, SVG, and Corel Draw CDR. All the vector graphics are free for personal and commercial use.

Get Brushes: A directory of brushes personally handpicked by the site owners. Get Brushes contains various brushes including over abstract and text, gothic, coffee pills and more.

Q Vectors: The site offers free high-quality vector images and graphics. Q Vector also accepts user submissions.

Archive 3D: Host more than 17,000 3D graphics model. Archive 3D models ranges from Beds,Shkaps, Chairs,Tables,Sofa, Sanitary Ware, Decoration, NVAC, Tools, and more.

Vectormix – This site has a good collection of vector graphics submitted by users and arre free to download.

Sound Effects

Soundsnap: A library of more than 100, 000 high-quality sound effect and music loops. Soundsnap offers 5 free downloads per month, after which you need to pay a Pro membership to download more files.

FindSounds: A useful sound and sound effects search engine. FindSounds offers sound directory, keyword search and sonic similarity search functions.

Partners in Rhyme: The site offers royalty free music featured in Films, TV, Video and Websites. Partners in Rhyme also offers free music loops, midi files and audio software.

Stone Washed: An online resource for free sound effects, loops, button sounds and other multimedia files. Stone Washed offers various categories including sound effects, animal sounds, buy out music and more.

Stock Photos

Stock.Xchng: One of the web’s leading stock photography site. Stock.xchng offers a full gallery of high-quality stock photos available for free download or for sharing on blogs, social networks and other sites.

Free Digital Photos: Contains thousands of royalty free photos available for download and can be used for commercial or non-commercial purposes. Free Digial Photos does not require registration to download stock photos from their site.

Morgue File: The site provides high-resolution stock photography images for free regardless of whether the photos will be used for corporate or private use. Morgue File is the place to keep post production materials.

123RF – The site offers a daily dose of free high-quality images aside from the paid stock images that it sells.

System utilities

Open Drivers: A free driver download service. Open Drivers is categorized by device category and driver manufacturer. It also includes step-by-step process to install and uninstall the drivers.

DLL Files: A very useful site for users who keeps on getting the missing DLL prompt from the machine. DLL Files contains a comprehensive databased of dll-files that you could possibly need.

Download 3K: A huge archive of free and free-to-try software programs and games for Windows. Download 3K is categorize into 15 main categories and the site is updated with around 300 software everyday.

Free Codecs: The ultimate resource for all types of codecs available online. Free Codecs offers video codecs, audio codecs, codec packs, codec tools and more.

Open Office: Home of the free open-source office software suite. Open Office contains word processing, spreadsheets, database, presentations, graphics, and more.

Web Design

Open Source Web Design: A collection of web designs submitted by the community members. Open Source Web Design offers free web design for download that can be used for personal blogs to a full-featured content management systems for businesses.

Free CSS Templates:The site offers standards compliant CSS templates for free. Users are free to use the templates for personal or business purposes.

Template World: Offers top quality, creative and unique web site templates created by certified web professionals.

Iconspedia: The site offers free icons download. Iconspedia are arranged in various categories including animals, food and phones.

Free Icons Web: The site contains 15000 high quality icons for free downloads. Free Icons Web contains icons for Windows XP, Vista, Macintosh, and Linux. Icons are for personal use only. Commercial users have to pay a certain amount of royalty.

1000+ Classic Icons for Free Download: Probably the best collection of free icons available online. Icons are in png, icns, ico-formats as well as .EPS vector files.

Spotbit: The site allows you to publish and sell e-books using a fast, easy and free method. Spotbit lets you create your e-books and published it on Spotbit.

Smashing Magazine’s 40 Professional Icon Sets for Free Download: A list of 40 high-quality professional icons for desktops and web design which are all free for download. The icons can be used for private and commercial purposes.

Fetch Twice the Traffic by using Proper Keywords

2009-09-13T02:29:00.001+06:00

Keyword usage refers to the number of times people actually enter a specific keyword on the search engines. It is a fact that most web site owners target search engine keywords that they imagine their customers will use when looking for their products. Professionals agree that usage of proper keywords will fetch you twice the traffic with half the effort – but the question is how to target keywords.

People who have tried optimizing a web page for keywords will know that competing for those keywords is a Herculean task. Even if you get high ranking for a very competitive keyword, the amount of effort involved in maintaining that ranking is tremendous.

Keyword research, it may be understood, is a process of finding the most appropriate keywords and key phrases that people may type in search engines to find web sites similar to yours. In order to find and select the most relevant keywords for your business, you must know who your potential customers are. Here is a helpful guide for keyword research:

Focus on identifying various keywords and key phrases bearing your target audience in mind.
There are keyword research tools that will help you in a process of discovering what keywords people use to find your competitors' sites.
Select less competitive keywords – which means avoiding most commonly used keywords by competitors.
Make it a point to use the most appropriate keywords in your web site, HTML, visual text.

After you have finished your keyword research and selected the most appropriate keywords for your business, it is prudent to do a Competition Analysis – which means, you have to go to search engines and type your selected keywords in a search field. The results will show what competition is waiting for you in major search engines. If you have done your competition analysis and have selected your final keywords, it's time to use them on your web pages.

Keywords are critical to the search engine and the entire information retrieval process is linked to keywords. As the search engines crawl and index the contents of web pages, they keep track of those pages in keyword-based indices. The search engine decides which pages to retrieve based on the words entered into the search box by the user.

Further, sequence of the words, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization of letters provide additional information to help the engines retrieve the right pages and rank them. One of the best ways to optimize a page's rankings, therefore, is to ensure that keywords are prominently used in titles, text, and meta data.

Despite all the noise, the art of keyword usage is still not perfected and thus it may be worthwhile to engage in testing, and experimentation on your own sites and web pages. But bear in mind that imparting proper information to users should never be compromised with, for the sake of search engine optimization.

Most of your ranking power comes from just a few factors. Thus for keyword targeting, most SEO experts recommend:

Use the keyword in the title tag at least once – still more preferably twice if it continues to make sense. Make it a point to keep the keyword as close to the beginning of the title tag as possible.
Use the keyword once in the H1 header tag of the page. Have only one unique H1 per page and remember every page needs a different H1.
Minimum thrice in the body text on the page. Repeating the keyword more than thrice seldom has any impact on rankings. Please know that search algorithms are sensitive to pages that do not contain the keyword they are getting links for.
Use the keyword at least once in bold letters. You can use either the or tag.
Use the keyword minimum once in the alt attribute of an image on the page. This also helps with image search, which can often fetch valuable traffic.
Use the keyword once in the URL. Preferably have static URL that can be read like human language.(Checkout Static and Dynamic URL)
Once or even twice in the meta description tag. Note that the meta description tag helps to attract clicks by searchers from the results page.
Set the stage for the search engine by using the keyword in your first or second sentence.
Finally, you have to get links to further target the keyword

These recommendations of keyword targeting have been done after a detailed study because search engines have now advanced semantic analysis capabilities. Search engines can not only detect whether your page has the right keywords, but whether that page is actually targeting the proper subject. Blindly inserting keywords on a page and expecting rankings will be a futile exercise unless the document also contains appropriate content.

Many site owners fail to realize that if a web page can earn one or two extra links by providing good content - this will far outweigh any benefit from stuffing keywords repeatedly. It may sound strange but extremely competitive keywords do not convert. As a matter of fact, all the traffic those top keywords bring in uses up a lot of your bandwidth but does not result in many sales.

If you are keen in spotting out the highly relevant keywords that are not too competitive, then a keyword analysis tool is needed. Doing it manually is tedious and not effective particularly when you need to analyze thousands of keywords

Keyword research is a vital part of your overall search engine optimization process. It plays a major role in the success of your internet business. Remember that a thorough keyword research, your prospects will be happy for providing the information they were seeking. Search engines, in turn, will reward you with high rankings for providing apt information to the surfers.

The golden rule therefore is:
" Target the wrong keywords and you will receive no relevant traffic or more likely no traffic at all. Target the right keywords and you will get lots of quality prospects who can be easily converted into buying your products or services ."

Difference between the PSP 2000 and PSP 3000?

2009-09-13T02:25:00.000+06:00

The newly revamped PlayStation Portable (PSP-3000) just hit store shelves. The PSP-3000 debuts as "Mystic Silver" in the PSP 3000 Limited Edition Ratchet and Clank Entertainment Pack. The Piano Black PSP-3000 comes at the end of November in the PSP 3000 Limited Edition 4GB Memory Entertainment Pack.

So, you're probably wondering how the PSP-3000 compares to last year's PSP-2000, the second version of the PlayStation Portable. Check out the pictures below for a side-by-side comparison and decide if you're ready to jump on the PSP, or if it's worth the upgrade from the PSP-1000 or PSP-2000 (see our earlier PSP-1000 vs. PSP-2000 comparison here).

See the PSP-3000 vs. the PSP-2000 here!

Starting with the face of the PSP-3000 (on bottom), note that the buttons under the screen are all rounded. Oh, and that little hole next to the PSP logo is the newly integrated microphone. The logos shift around a bit too.

Top view: No differences to note. Still as slim.

Back view: Only change is a slimmer ring around the PSP logo on the UMD door. Note that the Mystic Silver PSP-3000 has a matte finish to the glossy sparkle of the Ice SIlver PSP-2000.

The battery compartments and sizes are identical.

Left view: PSP-3000 (on right) has a more rounded edge and the thumbstick is slightly higher. The grip on the PSP-3000 cradles your thumbs easier.

Left view - Memory Stick Compartment: Same design as PSP-2000. It's held up well on the PSP-2000.

The PSP-3000 (left) features a very slight recess in the middle of the button layout. You can also see the rounded edge again.

Right view: The sliding power/sleep switch and battery compartment button. Same form.

Bottom view: Same power and audio/video out ports.

UMD doors are the same (except smaller ring design on PSP-3000).

UMD door view. No notable difference.

Front view: A small hole next to PSP logo hides the newly added PSP mic, probably the biggest upgrade on the PSP-3000 (no more need for the PSP Headset and PSP Mic hardware).

Using the new "Color Space" system settings feature on the PSP-3000 (bottom), the colors appear a bit brighter. Note that PSP Firmware 4.20 comes installed on the PSP-3000. At the time of this writing, the most current downloadable version of the PSP Firmware was 4.05. The Color Space feature has 2 settings: Normal (which will give you same colors as in the PSP-2000) and Wide, which the menu notes: "the system's display will appear more vivid".

Here you can see an off-screen shot taken in a dark environment. The PSP-3000's Color Space WIDE setting allows for a bit more contrast and detail, but at the sacrifice of saturated colors? More below.

Metal Slug close-up picture. Note the colors again. With the PSP-3000's WIDE Color Space on, the colors look desaturated in comparison to the Normal color setting (the only color option on the PSP-2000). Also should note that when navigating the menus, the PSP-3000's display had interlacing-like artifacts when in motion, in Normal and Wide Color Space mode.

That sums up the comparison pics. Overall, the hardware hasn't had dramatic differences as the jump from the PSP-1000 to the PSP-2000. The notable addition is the microphone, which will save you around $20-$30. I'm personally not crazy about the lighter (or brighter) color setting option.

As for what's included and the packaging of the PSP-3000, see below!

How to get higher Quality score in Google adwords Pay per click

2009-09-12T17:38:00.002+06:00

Before proceeding to know how to get higher Quality Scores, l, we need to understand how a quality score is calculated. Simply stated, a Quality Score is calculated every time your keyword matches a search query - or in other words, every time your keyword has the potential to trigger an ad.

Then, it is necessary to know why Quality Score is important. The Ad Rank â€“ or the position an ad shows on a search result or across the content network - is determined by maximum cost per click and quality score. There is a widely accepted formula to arrive at the ad rank and the formula may be stated thus:

Ad Rank = [(keyword / ad group] quality score) X Max CPC]

Though somewhat confusing, one needs to understand that for search purposes, the keyword quality score is used and for content the ad group quality score is used. For keywords, every keyword has a quality score fixed to it. So, it is important to keep in mind when talking about ad copy as it will be associated with multiple keywords.

Here's the step by step instructions on adding your quality score column to your keyword view.

First, navigate to the keywords in your AdGroup. Next, click on the 'customize colums' option seen below.

This will let you see the drop down menu:

Click on 'Show Quality Score'. Your AdGroups will now look like this

A keyword's Quality Score influences its cost-per-click (CPC) that is, how much the advertiser is charged for a click on the ad when it is triggered by a keyword. The higher a keyword's Quality Score, the lower is its Cost per Click (CPC), and vice versa.

Quality Score also determines, in a way, if a keyword is eligible to enter the ad auction that occurs when a user enters a search query. Usually, the higher the Quality Score, the lower will be the applicable costs and the better your ad position. Every time one of your keywords matches a search query, the combined Quality Score and cost-per-click (CPC) bid is evaluated to see if it's eligible to enter the ad auction. Keywords with a higher Quality Score will be eligible to enter the auction more easily and at a lower cost.

On the keyword analysis page, there will be a metric called first page bid estimate, that means the CPC bid required for your ad to appear on the first page of Google search results - assuming the search query exactly matches your keyword. The estimate is obviously based on the Quality Score as well as the advertiser's competitors for that keyword. However, it is to be noted that succeeding in your first page bid is no guarantee of your ad placement which will depend on Quality Score, your CPC bid, your budget and user and advertiser behavior.

It is to be understood that ads are positioned on search pages and content pages depending on their Ad Rank. The ad with the highest Ad Rank obviously appears in the first position, and the other ads appear in the order of their rankings. For Google, to put it simply, the Ad Rank is determined by your keyword's Quality Score and (CPC) bid.

Top 20 Universities in Asia 2009

2009-09-10T16:45:00.000+06:00

Ranking of Top 20 universities in Asia by Webometrics 2009:

Asian Rank, Name, World Rank
1 University of Tokyo 52

2 National Taiwan University 55

3 Kyoto University 78

4 Peking University 117

5 University of Hong Kong 121

6 National University of Singapore 135

7 Keio University 152

8 Chinese Uni of Hong Kong 156

9 Hebrew Uni of Jerusalem 169

10 National Chiao Tung Uni 179

11 Seoul National Uni 182

12 Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology 204

13 Technion Israel Institute of Technology 208

14 Nagoya Uni 216

15 Tel Aviv Univ 235

16 Osaka Univ 240

17 Tsinghua Univ China 241

18 Weizmann Institute of Science 257

19 Univ of Tsukuba 260

20 National Taiwan Normal Univ 273

Source: Webometrics

Bing enters the list of World’s top 20 websites

2009-09-10T16:43:00.001+06:00

It does not take much time to bring a service in to the coveted “worlds most visited” sites list once it is launched, and especially when it is a search engine and that too by Microsoft.

The cakewalk of breaking into the top 20 was managed by Bing in just a period of two months from its launch date.

All of you must have understood by now. Yes! Microsoft’s Bing, launched sometime in June, has now made its quiet entry into Alexa’s top 20 list but still remains behind the likes of Facebook and Twitter.

It is surprising that Bing’s erstwhile Avatar, Windows Live Search is still listed on Alexa’s “top 20″ page while Windows Live is dead for all practical purposes as going to live.com redirects to Bing now.

It may have been able to place itself in the top 20 list but still remains far behind Google which maintains its number one position. Second place is occupied by Yahoo with Google’s YouTube taking the third place.

Samsung WB5000- the compact with most powerful lens

2009-09-10T16:40:00.002+06:00

Samsung has newly introduced the WB5000 compact camera which asserts itself as the compact powered by the most powerful lens. It is the Schneider-KREUZNACH 26mm wide angle lens with 24x optical zoom all of it actually packed in a quite compact body.

Besides a superb picture quality, the 12.5 megapixel sensor lends a lot of manual controls including the aperture priority, shutter priority and manual focus of the lens.

It is even surprising to note that the compact also features a dual image stabilization in addition to such a powerful zoom.

The Smart Auto mode gives a choice of 11 different modes to shoot in.

The WB5000 is also capable of recording HD in 1280×720p resolution at 30 frames per second in H.264 format when one wants to swap stills for movies.

Samsung has still not given out any word on pricing but the compact can be expected in markets sometime this month.

Firefox to follow the path of Chrome?

2009-09-10T16:39:00.001+06:00

Some doubtfully Chrome like designs have been shown by the recently revealed mockups of Firefox 3.7 and 4.0.

A significant visual makeover seems to be the objective of Firefox. The Firefox UI has somewhat changed during its life, this can however, possibly be the most significant change by far.

The mockups for the Firefox 3.7 showcase using the Aero Glass effects present in Windows Vista and 7.

There is a glass effect on the entire navigation toolbar, and the tabs and looks much the same as the Internet Explorer. There is a tools and bookmarks button instead of the menu bar.

Going one step further, the designs of Firefox 4 integrate the search and location bar, and combine the stop, refresh and go buttons into one multifunction button. The loading process is displayed by the elegant green glowing “underline”.

Chrome is appreciated for its simplicity but not liked for the lack of functionality and extensibility it suffers from. But if the path of Chrome is taken up by Firefox, the best of both the worlds can be brought together.

Windows 7 is ready for October launch

2009-09-10T16:32:00.004+06:00

There has been an announcement from Microsoft that Windows 7 has been given its final lick of paint and has been awarded its RTM or Release To Manufacturing status.

This indicates that the company has moved its focus to PC makers, disc printers and Microsoft servers in order to be able to materialize its October launch.

This day has taken a long time to come for the users Widows Vista as there have been polite promises of resolving everything that drove you to seething fury in Windows Vista by Windows 7.

Windows 7 will take less than an hour to boot up and won’t need a conceptual super-computer from the future to run. So, it is more or less Windows XP with a splash of Vista’s artistic design.

But Microsoft did not have to wait for quite long for Windows 7. it has been getting through nicely almost all the way through the production process, hitting all major deadlines. It was also pushed out of the beta stage pretty quickly as it was found to be so free from bugs.

But however less time it might have taken, the Vista disgruntlement has helped Apple to grab the entire market share. So with Windows 7, we hope Microsoft is able to lure its customers back and a plenty on interest has been shown by the pre-order deals. But lets keep our fingers crossed!

Kodak Launches Zi8 Camcorder

2009-09-10T16:26:00.002+06:00

Almost a year after Zi6, Kodak has now launched another camcorder, the Zi8. This one is an improved full High Definition, with an extra pinch of style.

There are three colors to choose from- the aqua, raspberry and black. All the basic features for videos and stills are present in the Zi8 with a few added tricks for the freaks of social networking.

So the added features include 1080p high definition video capture (a step up from the 720p found on the Zi6) with built-in electronic image stabilization and face tracking for both movies and for the 5-megapixel 16:9 widescreen stills too.

Also there is a 2.5-inch colour LCD screen and a swing out USB to enable easy charging and uploading.

The Zi8 allows an easy upload of pictures on the Facebook and YouTube.

The camcorder is expected to be in UK out by September this year with its price to be around £149.99

A look at Nokia’s 6760 Slide

2009-09-10T16:24:00.003+06:00

Nokia has launched its 6760 Slide in India, the handset which was recently launched as Nokia ‘Surge’ for the US-based AT&T network.

The 2.4-inch TFT screen displays 16 million colors at 320×240 pixels. There is also a 5-way joypad on the top along with the usual Nokia button and three multimedia keys. The phone weighs only 123 gm.

As the phone still bears a 2.5-mm headphone jack, its attention to multimedia seems to be under doubt.

The camera features a 3.15-megapixel CMOS sensor and can also record a QVGA video. But the sad part is that it does not have autofocus or LED flash for still images.

The in-built memory stands at 128MB, which is expandable up to 8GB via a microSD card. Other features include 3G compatibility, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0 with A2DP, microUSB port and GPS and A-GPS.

Though it also comes pre-loaded with a Quickoffice and PDF reader, but it does not take care of the business clientele.

Retail priced at Rs.14000 0r $180 , the Nokia 6760 Slide is available in three colours – red, black and white.

Google Sandbox positioning or indexing problems

2009-09-01T17:18:00.000+06:00

The Google Sandbox is supposed to be a filter placed on new websites which is proving controversial. It is alleged that a site fails to receive good rankings for its rich keywords and keyword phrases. Strangely, even websites with well presented content, plenty of incoming links and strong Google page rank, are adversely affected by the Google Sandbox effect. The Sandbox acts as a deterrent for sites, possibly to discourage spam sites from rising quickly, getting banned, and reappearing.

The Google Sandbox may perhaps be deemed as a new website that is put on probation for proper behavior prior to being given full value for its incoming links and content.

Many believe that Google created the Sandbox new site filter, to arrest spam-related sites adding numerous purchased links, and getting ranked high for their keywords, right from the day they are launched. Google understandably considers a high number of links pointing to a site right from the start as suspicious. There is the distinct possibility that spam sites would use various undesirable tactics to get to the top of the search results and profit from heavy sales even prior to being banned. The danger also lurks of spam sites then repeating the process continually. Therefore, new sites are now subject to a form of probation by the Google Sandbox.

The controversy arises from the fact that not all agree that the Google Sandbox exists as a separate filter from other alleged Google filters. There are analysts who believe that the phenomenon merely results from the already existing Google algorithm calculations, and the Sandbox effect is nothing more than an illusion. But the one redeeming news is that Google has nearly admitted that the Sandbox filter is real.

Whereas all types of sites can be placed for scrutiny in the Sandbox, it is more of a threat to the new websites seeking rankings for highly competitive keyword phrases. For those who are anxious to know how long does the site stay in Sandbox, the answer is it varies from one to six months, with three to four months being the normal duration. The simple rule is the more competitive the usage of keyword, the longer the site spends in the Sandbox.

Some people are under the erroneous impression that by joining programs like Google Adwords and Google Adsense they can influence the duration of their website stay in the Sandbox. Please understand that participation in the various Google advertising programs will not keep your site out of Sandbox, or shorten your stay.

Many people wonder what to do when their sites are caught in the sandbox. They should know that it is the ideal time to continue to add fresh keyword rich content and new incoming links to their sites. It is also the right time to add more theme relevant content to the website. Concentrate on adding more keyword rich pages to both on page and off page factors. It is preferable to add a site map and make sure that all pages link properly to one another with appropriate link anchor text. Thus, when the sandbox filter is lifted, your improved site will rise rapidly to its proper place at the top of the search rankings.

Keywords Usage and It's Importance in SEO

2009-09-01T16:52:00.000+06:00

Keywords Usage and It's Importance in SEO

Wanna have best search engine optimization for your website? Then you cannot ignore the importance of keywords if you want a SEO optimized website. You can come across many keyword tools online through which you can get loads of useful information. Here you may find many different techniques that can be used. Do not hesitate to try the ones you feel are good or shortlist the ones complementing your web site's SEO needs.

Major search engines like Google , msn, yahoo, etc provide free keyword tools that can be used for research purposes. The importance of these keyword tools can be known by the fact that these are used by web masters to target specific keywords for getting more web traffic. The keyword tools helps in finding the relevant words or phrases related to your keywords.

You would also get an idea about the popularity level of the keywords that you are targeting. If you have any plans to use advertising, this tool would give an idea as to how much money would advertisers pay for a single word. Even if you have plans for advertising your site, these tools can save in money too. If you come across keywords that are very expensive, you can even choose cheap cost keywords.

Using long tail keywords is very beneficial from SEO point of view. Rather than entering short keyword or phrase, use multiple words most likely to be used by visitors in search engines to find your site.

Ideal keyword density is around 3-5% for articles, however there are many factors that influences the density level. Never commit the mistake of over stuffing the content with keywords for getting higher web rankings in search engines, as it is going to harm you in return and your site could get blacklisted. The major search engine Google is very strict for websites who are found cheating and misusing keywords over stuffing for higher ranking.

While writing the article use appropriate keywords that is most likely to be used by people to find your website. Moreover the topic selection for the article should be in relation with your website topic.

Usually links being tagged are the keywords that has been linked with your site or someone else's site. We exchange links with other websites when they either use specific keywords we want or have your site name at the place where they put the link. When we place your website link under click here icon, chances of visitors clicking on it increases.

Need More Visitors For Your Blog?

2009-09-01T14:11:00.000+06:00

Need More Visitors For Your Blog?

Lots of people use blogs to make business connections, get work, or make extra money. A recent CNN article even encourages client-seeking freelancers and other professionals to blog. As many seasoned bloggers already know, getting the blog set up is only half the battle. You have to have interesting topics, maintaining a blog takes up a certain amount of time, and you have to get visitors.

This is where the field of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) techniques can help you. Most SEO customers are B2B or B2C companies that make money selling products or services online. Based on the competitive nature of e-commerce and lead generation efforts, SEO for these companies can be expensive and time consuming. For the solitary business professional, however, several small scale SEO practices can be undertaken which may get you enough traffic to your site (or blog) to keep the money coming in.

Here are some hints for getting more visitors to your blog with SEO techniques.

Think Local. Most business professionals and freelancers will be working out of a certain geographical area. If you’re using your local city name in your blog posts, you are going to get classified in search engines for those phrases. If you leave out regional terms, you are effectively competing with everyone in the world who does what you do.

Become a subject matter expert. If you practice a specific field of copyright law, or do marketing consulting for beverage companies, you definitely want to talk about those topics in your blog. If there are aspects of your work that are common to many customers, blogging about it will get you visitors who have the same issues.

Find out what people are looking for. The Google Keyword tool can help you find blog topics related to your profession. Even if there are only a few hundred searches a month for your trade, one click can create thousands of dollars in new business, depending on your field.

Build keywords into your titles. Most blog platforms like Blogger and Wordpress will show your blog title as the title of your posting page. Titles are very important in the world of SEO, and can be the difference between getting found on the first page of Google. Over 80% of searchers don’t even bother to get to the next page of results, so good titles are important.

Get other people to link to your site. Search engines like Google value links from other sites as endorsements. You can start by getting links from fellow bloggers, but if you can get links from news sources you will be considered more credible.

Use social media. For every new blog post, you can submit yourself to social media outlets like Digg. Sometimes the summary of your post on Digg will hit the search engines in a few hours, even if your own site doesn’t get ranked. You can use Twitter to let your followers know that you’ve done another post, and Facebook to link to it as well.

If all else fails, buy paid traffic. Google Adwords, Yahoo Search Marketing, and MSN Adcenter (for Bing) all sell sponsored search packages, and there is no minimum spend per day. If you’re a freelancer with a niche service, your ad may show up among a small group of other ads, which is cheaper than being found for high demand terms.

There are also plenty of SEO tools you can use to find out where you rank in the search engines. As a word of warning, it can take several months to get your blog into competitive positions in the search engines, so getting started right away is generally the best course of action. As you develop you blog, you will be able to master techniques that can “ping” other networks every time you post, but the real key to getting found involves having plenty of fresh material. As you build an audience for your subject matter, you may find that word-of-mouth referrals take over for your SEO, but having a good groundwork will get you out in front of the free traffic that is looking for your unique abilities.

Trick to Add AdSense, AdBrite and Other JavaScript Ad Code Directly to Blogger HTML Template

2009-09-01T14:07:00.000+06:00

Advanced users of Blogger.com service may have tried to insert and put Google AdSense ad code which is actually a Java script directly into the blog pages by manually editing the XML-based template HTML coding interface. Actually, it’s possible add any ad code by using HTML/JavaScript page element within the Blogger new XML template system, but the place where you can place the new block is rather limited, i.e. above or below the post body, header, footer, within sidebar or between blog posts. In case you want to put the ads inside the post, or align the ads to float and wrap around the text, or just within the single individual article content view, you will have to edit directly the HTML coding of Blogger template.

If you try to insert any Google AdSense, AdBrite, AdEngage and any other JavaScript based ad code, or client-side components such as counter, tracker, form, snippet, effect, date and time, etc which is JavaScript based, the following error message may be returned when saving ore previewing:

Your template could not be parsed as it is not well-formed. Please make sure all XML elements are closed properly. XML error message: The processing instruction target matching “[xX][mM][lL]” is not allowed.

Your template could not be parsed as it is not well-formed. Please make sure all XML elements are closed properly.
XML error message: The reference to entity “zs” must end with the ‘;’ delimiter.

and many other different XML error message.

The problem is caused by incorrect dynamic interpretation of Blogger XML template when it generates the HTML webpage for the blog page that is requested, probably due to the fact that the AdSense ad code or other code is not a valid XML, coupled with the fact that some ASCII characters have special meaning and reserved functions, confusing Blogger blogging engin.

The resolution to the JavaScript based coding does not work in Blogger HTML template error can be solved by replacing special characters or symbols in the script to HTML code. Check out the list below for which ASCII characters that need to be replaced with their corresponding HTML code. Using HTML code will ensure that Blogger render the character correctly when serving the page to the viewer.

< – <
> – >

Above two is enough to make Google AdSense works in Blogger template. For other scripts, such as AdBrite ad code, you will need to replace more characters such as those listed below.

& = &
” = "

For example, a Google AdSense code should become looks similar to code below:

<script type="text/javascript"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script>

While an AdBrite ad code will became the similar code to the below:

<script type="text/javascript"> var AdBrite_Title_Color = '0000FF'; var AdBrite_Text_Color = '000000'; var AdBrite_Background_Color = 'FFFFFF'; var AdBrite_Border_Color = 'FFFFFF'; </script> <script src="http://ads.adbrite.com/mb/text_group.php?sid=303771&zs=3330305f323530" type="text/javascript"></script>

Your Ad Here

Simply use the text editor to parse the code and then replace the characters. Don’t worry about violating AdSense TOS or other terms and conditions, as once the blog’s web pages are rendered and presented to the viewers and visitors, the code will be exactly same as the original code before any replacement!

Tools To Monitor Your Blog

2009-08-31T14:25:00.001+06:00

Blogs reflects perceptions, thoughts, and interests of individuals, and are almost similar to the websites. Successful maintenance of any blog lies in effective monitoring. Many PR agencies outsource blog-monitoring activities. However, many specialized tools are available to monitor a blog’s performance. Blogs are monitored to know the present status of the blog and helps to figure out where to improve.

Tools for monitoring your blog
Monitoring blogs is an essential task for any individual blogger or business blogger.

• Page views: A page view is deemed as a measurement of how often a webpage is visited online. The number of page views can be gathered using any online stats program like gostats, awstats, etc.

• Unique visitors: The number of distinct people visiting your blog gives the actual number of its unique visitors. It is simple to measure, and gives you the details of how many people visited the blog page. It is like measuring a unit of traffic in terms of number of unique visitors to blog.

• Alexa rank: The alexa rank is calculated based on the number of visitors, and page views of each blog. It provides historical traffic data by showing trends to help in estimating whether a blog is gaining audience or losing its popularity. This can be found from alexa website.

• Inbound links: Inbound links are number of quality back
links to the blog/site. Monitoring inbound links on major search engine is important, as the number of inbound links can demonstrate blogs credibility.

• Google Page Rank: Google page rank is a tool that rates websites on a scale of one to ten. It rates a site/a blog predominantly based on the number of quality back links. Based on the rank, you can get an idea of how search engines view your blog. New blogs need some time and quality content to get Google PR.

• Subscribers: Success of blog is also measured based on the number of subscribers (If you offer any subscriptions). It represents the number of readers, advertisers, or bloggers who choose your blog post on regular basis. With increase in subscribers for your blog, the scope of the blog increases.

• Technorati rank: Technorati is one of the largest blog search engine in the world. Technorati rank is based on the number of inbound links coming from other blogs. This helps in maintaining the blogs visibility and indicates the popularity of the blog.

The above information helps you in effective monitoring, and measuring the success of the blog. Do not measure a blog performance by considering only one parameter of the above. It is also suggested not to go overboard on any negative results, as it depends on many other quality and quantity parameters.

Online Electronics Store

2009-08-31T14:18:00.002+06:00

Online Electronics Store

Online shopping is a smart way to purchase products with more security and comfort. Online shopping is also beneficial for customers because it allows people from all over the world to get more information about a company and its products or service available. Potential customers can easily browse online catalogs from the comfort of their home or office and there is no need to go anywhere for buying. Online shoppers commonly use credit cards to make payments, however some systems enable users to create personal accounts and pay by alternative like cash, check or payment on delivery. The electronics online stores include electronic equipment of daily use like mobile phones, computers, digital cameras, work productivity and entertainment products etc. Hottest new technology gadgets attract more consumers by offering their new inventions and facilities.

This online shopping technology develop from world of electronic commerce, also known as e-commerce which enables consumers to shop at thousands of online stores. It has been successfully implemented for business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. If you are looking for mobile phones, computers, cameras or want to get more information or comparison between different brands, features etc. of digital cameras, mobile phones than there are many online shops for your help. You can find everything under one roof without wasting your time. The new features in these online stores, focused on making it easier for all customers to make an informed buying decision about hundreds of thousands collection of items. Here customer has a liberty to choose any product falling within his budget and choice. These shops are committed
to creating on online shopping experience for customers, selection value and support. They are dedicated to provide perfect services to client's satisfaction.

Online stores showcase products for sale with photographs, features, price, discount and shipping charges, if any (as most of them give free shipping). Some online stores also provide supplement links related to product information including instructions, procedures of safety, demonstrations or specifications related to manufacturer. These kind of information is also very helpful for knowledge, advice or guide to help consumers decide which product is better to buy. In a conventional retail store, clerks are available to give answer to your queries, and many times you do not extract the exact information due ill knowledge or personal liking of the salesman. But online store has real-time chat features, there are e-mail or phone calls facility available to handle customer questions. The other major advantage of online shopping is that one can quickly find deals for items or services with different vendors.

Please keep the following tips in mind while shopping online:-

1. Always shop at secure and well reputed webshops.
2. Compare prices between two or more webshops.
3. Read the website privacy, refund and security policies thoroughly.
4. Be Aware of cookies and behavioral marketing.
5. Be careful while using credit cards, debit cards or banking details.
6. Keep your password private and keep them changing regularly.

The Convenience of PDF Search Engines

2009-08-31T14:15:00.003+06:00

The Convenience of PDF Search Engines

The PDF file was actually developed by Adobe Systems during the earlier part of the 90s. An acronym for Portable Document Format, the PDF file's primary purpose was the representation of 2D or 2-dimensional documents in such a way that these would be independent of both device and display resolution. The huge advantage of the PDF file is actually the fact that it can be read by almost all web browsers circulating the industry on most devices as well. And over the years, because of the convenience brought about by the PDF file, sit has actually been one of the preferred file formats used by a lot of industries, such as colleges, medical institutions, even governmental jurisdictions. With all the PDF files existing all around, it becomes a must to know the basics on using PDF search engines.

If you think about it, it is no longer much of a surprise how institutions prefer to convert their files into PDF files. This is because the PDF file is so flexible - in such a way that it can store so much information. However, there are still risks entailed here. This is because just about anyone can access any PDF file, as long as that person has a computer and a little background on how to retrieve such files.

Another major drawback that these PDF files have is the fact that only one file can be searched at a time. And you can do this by means of only the "find tool" built within
the document. So, if you need to do a manual search of phrases and words that occur across several PDF files, you need to do this over and over again. You need to access the built-in "find" feature and then view all results brought about individually. You can just imagine how time-consuming this must be - not to mention how tedious!

But all of that was way before. It is indeed a good thing that software developers realized how much of an inconvenience this was for PDF users. So much more that the file is preferred by thousands of users all over the world! The result? The development of new generation software that allows you to do searches across multiple files! This time around, this software, which basically functions just like your typical search engine, gathers a cache of multiple PDF files. The software then reviews all of the files and then the multiple results are then presented. The search results you get from Google or Yahoo are pretty much what you would get from this search engine as well.

But what is even better about these search engines is the fact that you do not need to limit yourself to Html to pdf converter. This is because the search engine can retrieve other file formats for you as well. And all of these searches can even be done simultaneously!

Having a PDF search engine is indeed handy, especially during times when this particular file format is preferred by so many people all over the globe.

Significance of Web Portal

2009-08-31T14:11:00.003+06:00

SIGNIFICANCE OF WEB PORTAL

A Web portal ,also called as, public portal refers to a Web site or a web service that provides a wide array of services and functionality, like forums, online shopping malls , search engines and e-mail.In the initial stages,web portals were online services which had an access to the web.But now,the scenario is different. Most of the traditional search engines like Yahoo,Google etc have transformed themselves into Web portals to influence and attract a larger audience.

A Web Portal can also be defined as a gateway or a starting point for a user to explore and experience the never ending world of World Wide Web.The portals can either be a general portal or a specialized portal.

Web portal is a 1-Click-Go to a world of content and services which offers a single log-in point. The contents are managed through databases, application windows and even cookies. Portals consists of forums or discussion groups, calenders,to-do lists,online search ,e-mail and address books.These provide information on daily news,weather, maps and online shopping.Portals often organize the contents so that the users may easily locate information according to their interests.

Portals are classified as Personal portals, Government portals,Corporate portals,regional portals,sports portals etc

Personal portals is an online site which is rather personalized to its user’s requirement.Other related contents are easily navigable from this portal.Personal portals are meant for Distributed Applications with a combination of various middle ware and hardware to provide services from different sources.

By the end of 1990s,the governments all over the world started to posses a web portal to their citizens. The major applications, governments were targeting, were e-Commerce applications ,Business within and across the borders of their respective states, precise information on their living in etc.

Earlier,large Companies and Organizations used intranets for their internal affairs and communications.But as the companies started to expand both internally and externally, beyond their national borders, Web portals replaced intranets. In large organizations ,the work management is done through portals.This includes workflow management,communication and collaboration between workers and a securely authenticated access to internal and external information of the company.

Recently, a revolutionary change has come in the field of portals through sports portals. Number of sport portals are increasing at a tremendous rate.Die hard sports fans create the portals where they can post their comment , information and perspectives on their most favorite sport and send wishes to their stars.

Suggestions for Windows 7

2009-08-30T23:09:00.002+06:00

Seven things Windows 7 can learn from Linux

I’m so excited about the release of Windows 7. Yes, really, an old Linux tragic like me can’t wait for Microsoft’s next-generation OS. But that doesn’t mean Microsoft should stop learning. Far from it, let’s consider the perfect number of moves Redmond can make to take a leaf out of Linux’s book – for the benefit of all.

The number 7 has held a special place in numerology and mythology for centuries. Wikipedia even has page explaining its significance at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_(number).

When Windows 7 hits the scene on October millions of people will be immersed in the word 7 for the foreseeable future. How do you make something perfect even better? You learn from your competitors.

So without dwelling on the number, here are seven ways Windows 7 can improve by adopting concepts from Linux.

1. More frequent release cycles. As I’ve already explained, Microsoft’s worst enemy has been its very long release cycles. Linux distributors, on the other hand, have the opposite problem – too frequent release cycles. But what would a consumer be more interested in, an operating system that’s eight years old (Windows XP) or one that’s updated every year or even six months? Fresh product releases means fresh marketing and Microsoft knows this. From Windows 7 on it’s bye, bye many-year release cycles and hello two year cycles at the most.

2. Sane release versioning. Okay, before anyone comments about how INSANE Linux distribution release versioning is, it’s still not as bad as Windows’. Yes, there is a systematic way in which Microsoft versions its Windows releases, but that’s been hidden behind the marketing hoopla. We’ve had Windows 3.1, 95, NT, 98, 2000, Me, XP, Vista and 7 which makes perfect sense. Suddenly Ubuntu’s 7.10, 8.04, 8.10, 9.04, etc, doesn’t seem so silly after all. Nor does Fedora’s 8, 9, 10. Mac OS X? This stays the same with just minor release versions and code names - brilliant for the not-so-tech-savvy. Dumb it down Microsoft. If you’re going to name a product Windows 7, release Windows 8 after it, not “Windows Panorama” or “Windows 2012”.

3. Online OS upgrades. One thing Linux does well is allow users to perform a major OS release upgrade online. Microsoft’s boxed set cash cow may prevent this from happening soon, but it’s something that definitely should be on its radar. Want to upgrade to the next version? Click a box, pay for it and download it over the Internet. The same can be said about third-party applications as well.

4. Better Web app integration. If Microsoft learns anything from Linux or Mac OS X is that today’s desktop user is obsessed with Web apps and will do anything to get Facebook and Twitter functionality at their fingertips. The KDE hackers wrote an entire widget development framework for transferring data over the Internet and it’s now available with every modern Linux distribution. While I have no doubt Windows 7 will have enough clout to force developers into writing Web 2.0 widgets. The big questions are how much traction it will get and how long will it take. Will the native Windows 7 widgets capture people’s interest the way the others have? Microsoft needs to make it happen.

5. Support open development environments. Microsoft has come a long way with its support for standards-based development environments since the ugly tiff with Java a few years back. I’d love to see Windows 7 and its predecessors take this one step further. If it’s and open source, standards-based development environment then it can be used on Linux and this is holding Windows back. Microsoft needs to leave the politics of programming environment source code behind and give developers the tools they need, right there in the operating system. Develop bindings for open source languages and let ISVs create commercial applications. Get the great development projects on Codeplex into the OS proper.

6. Slim down for the mobile world. The rise of Linux netbooks and smartphones over the past 12 months has surely given Microsoft incentive to slim down future versions Windows. If not slim down Windows entirely, at the very least break the shackles of a monolithic product and componentise it so the OEMs can ship just what they need for their mobile computer. Sure there’s Windows Mobile, but like Symbian it was not designed to work on a small notebook. Linux is attractive to netbook markers because it can be cut down and customized for smaller, lighter end of the market. And with Windows Vista being the resource hog that it was, Windows 7 has a big task ahead to match the nimble Linux.

7. Better device support. One of the greatest misconceptions about Linux is that there is limited, if any, support for internal and external devices. In fact, the Linux kernel ships with more device drivers than any other operating system. If a device is support there is a good chance it will work with Linux. Windows, however, still relies heavily on its expansive network OEMs and ISVs to provide the functionality people expect when they purchase an after market product. Windows 7 needs to be the release that aggressively begins to integrate device drivers into the operating system they was Linux and Mac OS X have. This also helps people that are not chained to the same computer or location getting stuck without driver CDs.

So there are seven things Windows 7 can learn from Linux to make the world a better place. Feel free to suggest seven more, or, even better, take them up with Microsoft once lucky 7 shines upon us later this year.

A Brief Glossary of SEO Terms That Will get Your Website in Trouble

2009-08-30T23:01:00.001+06:00

A Brief Glossary of SEO Terms That Will get Your Website in Trouble

Search Engine Optimization and search engine marketing, when properly and ethically done, can yield spectacular results for companies that want to have a presence, build a brand, and generate revenues on the web. Much like any competition, there are no short-cuts to long lasting success in either search engine optimization or marketing. Still, shortcuts and tricks are often offered by companies promising guaranteed results at a cost of pennies on the dollar. Being a relatively new industry, there is much that is misunderstood about both the practice of and terminology surrounding SEO and SEM. What follows is a list of the kind of shortcuts and tricks that can backfire on a website, incurring penalties and/or landing it on a permanent blacklist.

* Black Hat Techniques – Black hat SEO is the catch-all phrase used to describe a variety of tricks and shortcuts that are considered unethical by the SEO community and the search engines. Use of these techniques can be tempting because of their lower costs and the fact that they can work temporarily. Basically considered a short sighted solution to a long term problem, these techniques will ultimately hurt the ranking of a website at best, with the worst case being that the website gets banned or blacklisted by search engines.

* Cloaking – A bait and switch technique designed to fool search engine crawlers. This tactic has a site’s server feed keyword rich content to the crawlers but if a visitor clicks on the link he will see completely different content.

* Doorway Page – A doorway page is meant to trick the search engines into thinking that a page is rich in relevant keyword content. These pages typically contain only keywords and are therefore useless
for visitors.

* Hidden Text – Relevant or keyword rich content that is programmed into the html code which is invisible to the reader but will be picked up by search engine crawlers.

* Keyword Stuffing – Just like it sounds, the practice involves cramming as many keywords into the text as possible to increase the page ranking. Readers know keyword stuffing when they see it because of the blatant repetition of the same terms throughout the copy on a page. Keywords can also be stuffed in comment tags, alt tags, and in hidden text on the pages of the abusing site.

These are but a few of the unethical practices which describe black hat SEO Techniques. The search engines are very aware of “search engine spam” techniques and are always on the lookout for them. Getting caught using them is costly both in terms of rebuilding a site that has been banned, and from the lost sales opportunities as a result of getting tossed out of the search engines. Also hurt in that type of situation would be any branding efforts involving the offending website. Building and marketing websites can be extremely lucrative over the long term when done correctly. Trying to cut corners using black hat techniques is a sure way to turn a short term problem into a long term quagmire.

What is Web 2.0 ?

2009-08-30T22:46:00.003+06:00

Web 2.0

It’s about using the Web collaboratively — sharing and mixing up information and resources — so moving on from the first generation of the Web, which was more about using websites just to publish content and sell things. A Web 2.0 Design is all about simplicity. Is about designing the content in order to look simple, straightforward easy to use. Is about guiding the website visitor directly to the content they are interested in. The more stuff there is, the less likely is for the user to grasp all the necessary information without difficulty.

When you talk about Web 2.0 standards, one of the more common ingredients would probably be use of the AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript and XML) programming technique — a technique that generally speaking adds an element of real-time interactivity to Web pages that might otherwise be very static.

Navigation should be easily identifiable and selectable on each and every page. Users need to know where they are and where they can go so they won’t feel lost. All the links should be clearly identified.

Web 2.0 in other words means globalization ("making global information available to local social contexts and giving people the flexibility to find, organize, share and create information in a locally meaningful fashion that is globally accessible")

Web 2.0 is a combination of the technology (like AJAX) allowing the customers to actually interact with the information. Web 2.0 is starting to mean the situation where amateur writers and developers are able to create applications and Web sites that get more credibility than traditional news sources and software vendors. This combination of powerful JavaScript tools like AJAX enabling nearly anyone to contribute to and interact with the data that we are all working with is really what Web 2.0 is.

Sites with large, bold sans-serif fonts, large form field boxes, “Beta” baked into the logo, and slick DHTML interfaces all look worthy of a Web 2.0 label, but often this is little more than updated branding. If your current CMS can't handle this, it doesn't belong on any version of the web.

There are a number of Web-based services and applications that demonstrate the foundations of the Web 2.0 concept. These include blogs, wikis, multimedia sharing services, content syndication, podcasting and content tagging services.

Principles of Web 2.0

The following 6 principles are our working guidelines for what it means to think and be Web 2.0.

1. Be Informal; Embrace the Bottom-up Model.
The popular ClueTrain Manifesto states that “markets are conversations.” Your audience doesn't want to be talked at with marketing gloss. They want an honest dialog with real people behind the firewall and with other community members who understand and are active in the site or service context.

If the Web 2.0 world could be characterized one way, we would call it a hairy, grammatically incorrect, often irreverent and sometimes downright offensive conversation.

Loosen the tie and drop the canned answers. The Web 2.0 world embraces organizations, content and services that are candid and accessible.

2. Data is the Application.
Owning unique content is more valuable than owning the software. Your content is even more valuable if you can open it up for broad and creative use.

O’Reilly said “Data is the New Intel Inside”, others have said “SQL is the new HTML”. Boil this down and it means people come for the value living inside your data, and they want to leverage it in ways you may never have imagined.

Don’t let the limitations of your own imagination constrain the value of your content. Open the front door and give ‘em all the side doors they want.

3. Participation is Key.
O’Reilly described this as harnessing the collective intelligence. Get your community of users to participate. This will create the true value of your service or content and keep that value vibrant and dynamic.

Keep in mind that the people that become participants are typically the types who act on a larger stage. They are frequently more avid consumers, better employees and perhaps also the squeaky wheels that affect the opinions of others.

Let interactions be flexible. Trust the crowd. Embrace participants. Give them the tools to share what they know.

4. The Interface Must be Rich, Yet Simple.
When having what we might describe as a Web 2.0 Experience, you no longer have the sensation of clicking from one page to another so much as you have the feeling of being on what Immediacy’s John Goode called an “ergonomic journey.”

Now, we love John’s description, but that may be setting the bar a little high. The bottom line is that the browser-based experience has evolved. You can call this AJAX infiltration or point to the maturation of JavaScript libraries, but regardless of the root, the fact is that end users now expect a significantly more sophisticated client interface.

To be considered a modern web UI, the interface must be functionally rich, response times must be fast and a careful balance must be struck between features and simplicity.

5. Content is Objects, Not Pages.
Today’s web content is less about layout and more about structured entities that support a broad range of use cases and are flexible enough to be adapted, packaged and mashed in new ways.

The latest shift may be at least partially characterized as a transition from a Web 1.0 world of “pages” to a Web 2.0 world of content objects and micro content requests. To put yet another twist on a well-worn term, we can call this AJAX-ified content.

This change does not mean the page concept is dead. It does however mean that editors, content managers and CMS vendors must be thinking and acting differently.

Your CMS vendor needs to understand that your content managers will need to do more than just edit pages, and accordingly provide a data model, the tools and the interface to support management and publishing of rich content objects.

6. The Web is a Multi-device, Evolving Platform.
True Web 2.0 services deliver digital stuff to multiple devices or applications. Web content has gone beyond the browser.

The iPod or iPhone, combined with iTunes, is a real example of this. In combination this service is multimedia, multi-device and multi-purpose. Apple has truly embraced Web 2.0 principals and as a result their iTunes service is emerging as a flexible platform with new uses and purposes every day.

The ideal is to make your service interfaces standard, flexible, lightweight and multi-device friendly. Don’t think in terms of delivering discreet software. A Web 2.0 application is a hub.

How Data Recovery Services Work to Retrieve Lost Data?

2009-08-30T19:47:00.002+06:00

How Data Recovery Services Work to Retrieve Lost Data?

Data Recovery is the process of acquiring useful information or data from corrupted or damaged storage media. The data can be corrupted due to natural disasters (fire, flood, and earthquake), power outage, human errors, any software errors, hardware failures and virus or spyware attacks. To protect your data, you can even transfer data backups to other storage devices or at another drive. But preserving valuable data in such manner is not always works well. The chances of retrieving the data are much higher if you act fast. You can easily retrieve your emails, files, digital images, music through data recovery services.

In some situations if you are unable to handle severe file system and hard drive problems, you need data recovery solutions. The wide range of data recovery software, file repair, password recovery and email migration tools are available retrieving your inaccessible data. There are several data recovery companies which offer data recovery software and tools that are easy to use and cost effective. The data recovery software helps to quickly recover the important data or file from damaged hard drive and guaranteed to provide accurate and secure data recovery. You just need to get appropriate data recovery software that support file system and operating system.

Hard drive data recovery

The hard drives are the dynamic storage devices and human errors are the real threat for hard drive breakdown. Hard drive failure usually occur due to wear and tear, software damaged or any virus. Hard drive data recovery experts recuperate the lost data by restructuring the platters and the structure of the hard drive. There is also variety of hard drive data recovery software that helps you to solve the problem itself. Hard Drive Recovery software is the best option to handle logical data loss situations. Hard drive data recovery software are designed to have excellent capabilities to scan and extract lost data from affected hard drives.

How data recovery services are helpful?

The data recovery software may vary from operating system to operating system and file system to file system. When your data is lost or inaccessible, you need a fast and reliable data recovery services.

1. Data recovery services saves lot of time and effort.
2. The data recovery services provider prevents the critical data loss by safely back up your data to their online servers.
3. Data recovery services are the most effective and economical way to recover valuable data or files.
4. Data recovery solutions ensure the comprehensive recovery of lost data, emails and tasks.
5. They work hard to recover the lost data by using specialist data recovery techniques.
6. Data recovery services provider advice the ways on protection of data or information.

The Six Steps for Writing a Successful E-book

2009-08-30T19:36:00.002+06:00

One of the best ways to start an online business and make money from home is to find out what information people want and then sell it to them in the form of an e-book!

A huge mistake that new e-book publishers make is to first write an e-book on a subject that they themselves are interested in, and then try to dig up a market from a related niche and persuade them, without much success, that they too should have the same interests in buying the book.

Needless to say, this is not the best way to start out in the world of e-book publishing. First you need to research the niche, discover the market and what information they want, and then go about the task of putting into words, the information that they will gladly hand over their hard earned money for.

Here are six steps to a successful e-book:

#1 - What Subjects are You Knowledgeable About?

Make a list of all the things you could confidently write about. It's much easier, and a lot less work, to write about a subject in which you already have knowledge. Do you have hobbies that others would be interested to hear about? Do not make the mistake of assuming that because you are knowledgeable about a particular subject, others are too. You would be surprised at what you know that other people don't. We all have our own subjects of expertise!

Once you have decided on your topic, research the niches where this topic could be turned into profits. Don't be discouraged if the niche is already quite popular, this could an advantage to you. A popular niche is proof that there is already a market, and money to be made. Just be sure that your product is superior to the competition.

#2 - Find Their Itch And Scratch It!

You need to know what their problems are, find out what is missing in their life. What information do they want? The answer to these questions, and others, should be your main focus. You need to focus on what they don't have, sometimes you even have to tell them what it is that is missing and why they need it, and when you give it to them, they will reward you financially.

#3 - Do Your Research.

When you decide to start writing you should be well prepared. Don't sit at your desk one day and then decide that today, here and now, is the time to write your first e-book. Chances are that it will not work and if it does it will not be nearly the quality that it needs to be!

You must first research your subject, collect all the information you possibly can, and put it into a specified folder on your computer. Then when you feel you have all the information you need, you can proceed to bring it all together in an organized manner. This will make your e-book much higher quality, fluent and easy to read.

#4 - Create Your Masterpiece.

Now it's time to get down to it and start writing. Refer to your folder where you stored all your information, choose from your organized lists, and start writing. A great tip given by many when it comes to writing is to start and don't stop. Write down everything that comes into your head. If you try to think too much about what you are writing you will forget important information and it will take you much longer to finish.

In this step just get your thoughts written down. You will be editing and correcting later on. Write your e-book in smaller chunks rather than trying to do it all in one sitting. This will help prevent you from suffering from writers block.

Most importantly, keep it simple! The average adult only reads somewhere around the 8th grade level, so don't write as if you've just devoured two dictionaries and a thesaurus for breakfast! Write as if you were in a conversation with an average everyday person.

# 5 - Check Your Work.

Now is the time to re-read and edit your work. Read it through several times and be sure to check spelling and grammar errors. If it's hard for you, the writer, to read and understand then it will probably be about impossible others!

Give it to a member of your family or a good friend and ask them to read it through and give you an unbiased opinion as to whether they understand it. If they don't, why not? If necessary re-write it and then go through this step again.

# 6 - Put the Finishing Touches on it.

Somewhere along the line you have to decide that your e-book is finished. There will always be something that pops into your head later on... that little snippet that wish you would have used. Don't worry about it! The important thing is that you have passed on well researched, unbiased, quality information to someone who was in search of it.

Okay now that you have finished writing your e-book, it's time for the real work to start... You have to promote it to your target market and get sales!

How to Market Your Ebook

2009-08-30T19:34:00.002+06:00

Writing and marketing your own ebook is an excellent way to help build your online and/or home business. Being able to offer your own informative, quality ebook will establish you as someone who knows what they are talking about. This will earn you trust and respect and go a long way towards building your online presence. People will start coming to you and your site when they need products, advice, support, help, etc. thus bringing you many more customers and /or subscribers. There are many ways to market your ebook. Some of the best ways are listed below:

Put your ebook in your sigtag along with a free bonus. The free bonus will attract more people and bring in more sales.

Joint Ventures: Team up with other ebook authors or ezine publishers or webmasters to cross promote each other's products or services. Agree to send referrals to each other and recommend each other's products.

Use an excerpt from your ebook as an article and submit it to as many directories as possible. Be sure to mention your ebook in your resource box.

Search out quality targeted ezines and purchase solo or top sponsor ad spots.

Submit your ebook to as many ebook directories as you can. The more links to your ebook, the better.

Write a keyword rich sales page and optimize it for the search engines with meta tags and page title.

Offer two or three free bonuses with your ebook. make and offer that is very hard or impossible to refuse.

Ask a few people to write reviews for your ebook in exchange for a free copy. Post the reviews on your site.

Offer a free report as a lead-in to your ebook. People love free information and if you offer a quality report that gets them interested they very well may want to buy your ebook.

If you publish an ezine, ask other ezine publishers to swap solo or top sponsor ads. I prefer top sponsor ads but many marketers have said that solo ads get the most results.

Start an affiliate program and offer people a percentage to sell your ebook. One of the best places to do this is Clickbank. For a small fee you can set up your affiliate program and increase your sales many times over.

Offer the first chapter or two as a freebie. Be sure and leave them wanting more.

Visit message boards or join discussion groups to learn marketing strategies that have worked for other publishers and authors. If it works for them, it can work for you as well.

As with any marketing campaign, you have to stick with it. Be consistent. You cannot submit to a couple of directories and post to a couple message boards and then sit back and wait to get rich. Marketing is a daily commitment.

The possibilities are endless as to ways to market your ebook. Be sure and combine many of the strategies for one successful marketing campaign. Be creative and come up with new innovative marketing ideas. Find out what works and get started marketing that new ebook!

Sales

2009-08-30T19:14:00.002+06:00

SALES

Sales are the activities involved in providing products or services in return for money or other compensation. It is an act of completion of a commercial activity.
Academically, selling is thought of as a part of marketing, however, the two disciplines are completely different. Sales often form a separate grouping in a corporate structure, employing separate specialist operatives known as salespersons. Sales are considered by many to be a sort of persuading art.

STEPS IN THE SALES PROCESS
Understanding the basics of the actual sales process, and customizing them for your business are critical in building customer relationships. Whatever you are selling, and whether you sell a product or service, the following steps are the ones you should use.

1. Know your product or service. Before you even have a preliminary conversation with a prospect, it is essential that you clearly understand what attributes make your product or service unique or desirable, and why people should want what you have to offer.

2. Make initial contact. The actual sales conversations with people in your target market begin when you start letting them get to know you and vice versa.

3. Exchange information. This step consists of meeting with your prospects, asking them questions, uncovering their needs, giving them information about your product or service, and determining how it might fill those stated needs. Don't get afraid to acknowledge gaps in your knowledge or understanding because in the end such gaps sincerity comes through in a positive way.

4. Propose a solution. Once you have ascertained that there is a good fit between you and the prospect, you can propose how your product or service would specifically solve a problem or handle a need. By understanding the features and benefits of competing products or services, you can also prove at this point how what you offer is better.

5. Confirm the sale. Rather than focusing on "closing the sale," a term that indicates the end of the process, confirming the sale means you are reviewing the customer's willingness and ability to make a commitment. It is a natural extension of a sales relationship built on a foundation of trust, respect and rapport.

6. Deliver. Although actually delivering your product or service is not technically part of the sales process, it is a very critical step. If you don't deliver, you don't have a sale.
In addition, during this step you have an excellent opportunity to continue to build trust and cement your relationship with your client.

7. Follow up. This is the time to find out how your client likes your product or service.
This stage provides an ideal chance to create repeat business or get referrals to new prospects. And if there is a problem, you have an opportunity to correct it.

To conclude:
The primary function of professional sales is to generate and close leads, educate prospects, fill needs and satisfy wants of consumers appropriately, and therefore turn prospective customers into actual ones. The successful questioning to understand a customer's goal, the further creation of a valuable solution by communicating the necessary information that encourages a buyer to achieve his goal at an economic cost is the responsibility of the sales person or the sales engine.

E-Learning or Electronic Learning

2009-08-25T14:51:00.004+06:00

“Electronic learning is a general term used to refer to a form of learning in which the instructor and student are separated by space or time where the gap between the two is bridged through the use of online technologies”.

E-learning is used interchangeably in a wide variety of contexts. In companies it is referred to the strategies that use the company network to deliver training courses to employees. In distance education Universities like Open University in UK or Penn State World Campus in the USA, it is defined as a planned teaching/learning experience that uses a wide spectrum of technologies mainly Internet to reach learners at a distance. Lately in most Universities, e-learning is used to define a specific mode to attend a course or programmers of study where the students rarely, if ever, attend face-to-face or for on-campus access to educational facilities, because they study on-line.

“E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is commonly used”.

GROWTH OF E-LEARNING

By 2006, nearly 3.5 million students were participating in on-line learning at institutions of higher education in the United States. Many higher educations, for-profit institutions, now offer on-line classes. By contrast, only about half of private, non-profit schools offer them. The Sloan report, based on a poll of academic leaders, says that students generally appear to be at least as satisfied with their on-line classes as they are with traditional ones. Private Institutions may become more involved with on-line presentations as the cost of instituting such a system decreases. Properly trained staff must also be hired to work with students on-line. These staff members must be able to not only understand the content area, but also be highly trained in the use of the computer and Internet. Online education is rapidly increasing, and online doctoral programs have even developed at leading research universities.

GOALS OF E-LEARNING

E-Learning lessons are generally designed to guide students through information or to help students perform in specific tasks. Information based e-Learning content communicates information to the student. Examples include content that distributes the history or facts related to a service, company, or product. In information-based content, there is no specific skill to be learned. In performance-based content, the lessons build off of a procedural skill in which the student is expected to increase proficiency.

COMMUNICATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN E-LEARNING

Communication technologies are generally categorized as asynchronous or synchronous. Asynchronous activities use technologies such as blogs, wikis, and discussion boards. The idea here is that participants may engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participant’s involvement at the same time. Electronic mail (Email) is also asynchronous in that mail can be sent or received without having both the participants’ involvement at the same time.

Synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or more participants during the same period of time. A face to face discussion is an example of synchronous communications. Synchronous activities occur with all participants joining in at once, as with an online chat session or a virtual classroom or meeting.

Virtual classrooms and meetings can often use a mix of communication technologies.

In many models, the writing community and the communication channels relate with the E-learning and the M-learning communities. Both the communities provide a general overview of the basic learning models and the activities required for the participants to join the learning sessions across the virtual classroom or even across standard classrooms enabled by technology. Many activities, essential for the learners in these environments, require frequent chat sessions in the form of virtual classrooms and/or blog meetings.

COMPUTER BASED LEARNING

Computer Based Learning, sometimes abbreviated to CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment. While this can refer to the use of computers in a classroom, the term more broadly refers to a structured environment in which computers are used for teaching purposes. The concept is generally seen as being distinct from the use of computers in ways where learning is at least a peripheral element of the experience (e.g. computer games and web browsing).

ADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING

• Any time. A participant can access the learning programme at any time that is convenient -not just during the specific 1-3-hour period that is set for a conventional course. The episodes can be quick snatches at odd times or long late-night sessions. Cross-time-zone communication, difficult to arrange in real time, is as easy as talking to someone across town when using the Internet.

• Any place. The participants do not have to meet. That means they can be anywhere. International sharing is feasible. Individuals can log on at work, home, the library, in a community learning centre or from their hotel when travelling.

• Asynchronous interaction. Unlike face-to-face or telephone conversations, electronic mail does not require participants to respond immediately. As a result, interactions can be more succinct and to-the-point, discussion can stay more on-track, and people can get a chance to craft their responses. This can lead to more thoughtful and creative conversations.

• Group collaboration. Electronic messaging creates new opportunities for groups to work together, creating shared electronic conversations that can be thoughtful and more permanent than voice conversations. Sometimes aided by on-line moderators, these net seminars can be powerful for learning and problem-solving.

• New educational approaches. Many new options and learning strategies become economically feasible through online courses. For instance, the technology makes it feasible to utilize faculty anywhere in the world and to put together faculty teams that include master teachers, researchers, scientists, and experienced professional developers. Online courses also can provide unique opportunities for teachers to share innovations in their own work with the immediate support of electronic groups and expert faculty.

• Integration of computers. The online learner has access to a computer, so computer applications can be used without excluding some participants. This means, for instance, that a mathematical model implemented in a spreadsheet can easily be incorporated into a lesson and downloaded so all participants can run, explore, and refine the model and then share their findings and improvements.

DISADVANTAGES OF E-LEARNING

• Learners with low motivation or bad study habits may fall behind

• Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or confused about course activities and deadlines

• Students may feel isolated from the instructor and classmates

• Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help

• Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials frustrating

• Managing computer files and online learning software can sometimes seem complex for students with beginner-level computer skills

• Hands-on or lab work is difficult to simulate in a virtual classroom

Markup Languages

2009-08-25T14:42:00.002+06:00

Markup Languages

A markup language is a system for annotating a text in a way which is syntactically distinguishable from that text. Examples include revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts, typesetting instructions such those found in troff and LaTeX, and structural markers such as XML tags. Markup is typically omitted from the version of the text which is displayed for end-user consumption.

A well-known example of a markup language in widespread use today is HyperText Markup Language (HTML), one of the document formats of the World Wide Web. HTML is an instance of SGML and follows many of the markup conventions used in the publishing industry in the communication of printed work between authors, editors, and printers.

HTML

HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content.

XHTML

The Extensible Hypertext Markup Language, or XHTML, is a markup language that has the same depth of expression as HTML, but also conforms to XML syntax. XHTML can be thought of as the intersection of HTML and XML in many respects, since it is a reformulation of HTML in XML.

XML

XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically. XML’s design goals emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format, with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although XML’s design focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

Technology Articles

2009-08-24T15:14:00.001+06:00

Technology articles provide information on technological achievements. Online technology articles enjoy a wide coverage. These articles encourage people to adopt new technology. But, they also caution people about the disadvantages of some technologies. Technology reviews enable comparison of various companies. Thus, people are able to make an objective analysis. The online technology articles speak about the benefits of technology transfer. Technology transfer benefits universities as well as companies. Reviews may have outdated information. But, technology news provides the latest information.

Internet Marketing

2009-08-23T10:13:00.004+06:00

Internet Marketing

My this article is on my personal experience Which I have learned in last summer vacations and i want to share this experience with my fellows cause I feel a Computer Science Student must know something about it which I am going to discuss with you..so let’s begin the main discussion so the very first thing which we are thinking about the Internet Is What ? it’s a platform from where we can communicate all over the world , can chat our friends our relatives , can downloads their favorite music ,games ,movies and lot of many think there but I’m going to let you know about internet marketing………….!!!

If you have some spare time from your studies and have internet access, so there are a few good ways of earning. Five of the best ways have been compiled below for your assistance in the search for earning additional income in your free time..

Starting an Internet business presents a great opportunity to have the freedom to work when and where you want. There are various methods of starting in Internet business. If you know nothing about marketing on the Internet as of yet, so you can start right away from With freelancing, where there is by data entry, content writing or web design or just about any other skill which is in high demand, you should learn a lot about the world of Internet marketing. This knowledge will be absolutely invaluable when it comes to starting up your own Internet business.

- Complete paid surveys online in your spare time for extra money. This is a good way to earn some extra cash online and it costs nothing to participate. The concept of paid surveys came from the need for big companies to research opinions of the consumer. Each survey will contribute to the decisions of the company and you will get paid simply for stating your opinion on their products.

- Get paid to read emails for earning extra money online in your spare time. Yes, advertisers will actually pay you to read emails that they send to you. An extra income can be made by clicking a link in the email that lets the advertiser know that you have visited their site. This is because most of the internet advertisers need more hits to their website and they pay for this to happen. They do not limit the number of emails that you can read, so the income will be dependent on how much time and effort that you want to put into this opportunity.

- Make extra money by selling on shopping websites, like eBay. If you have a product of your own to sell or are an affiliate of a product source, eBay is the perfect place to earn extra money online. There have been a record number of successful sales on eBay and the future looks promising to be a continuing avenue of income. You set your items up for auction with the highest bidder paying you for the merchandise. Normal auctions run for 3 days, but you can set your own time and even set a minimum purchase amount. This means that if you need $20 in order to profit, you can set that to be the minimum price. Having a good product source, like warehouse or bulk suppliers, will ensure a consistent income without having to come up with a product to sell.

-Create your own eBook or service to market and start earning extra money online. There are numerous avenues for making money online; however, this is one of the best and most profitable of them all. The reason that earning extra money online with your own product is more profitable than others is the fact that you will receive all of the earnings. No sharing of compensation will allow you to make the biggest amount of money possible. If you have knowledge of specific areas, write an eBook and sell it on your own website, blog or eBay.

- Sell products that belong to other people and you will become an affiliate marketer. An affiliate is like being somewhat of an associate or partner of a company, though not as an employee exactly. You will be more like a sales person that will earn a commission on sold products. The company in which you sell their merchandise will pay an agreed amount that is usually a good percentage of their sale. Commission Junction, Share a Sale and Link Share are a few of the best ones to check into. This avenue for earning extra money online is easy and safe, mainly because there is no need for inventory, overhead or even a product of your own. No experience is necessary and there is not normally a fee to join these programs. You can start earning extra money online while promoting the items the very same day that you register. Making money doesn't get any easier than that.

Do the necessary research on the company and also the owner to be confident that they both can be trusted. The Better Business Bureau has an article designed to protect you from possible scams when you are searching for ways of earning extra money online.

Affiliation Program

Promoting an affiliate program is the way to go if you do not want to spend any money at all when you first get started. Affiliate programs give you a percentage of each sale that you are able to generate so the more you promote the program the more results you are going to be able to get. The best method of promoting that you can use is article marketing. The reason this is the best method is because it is completely free, all you are going to be doing is investing your time. So you can literally start making money without having to spend anything.

Become A Freelancer

A freelancer is someone who does anything and everything that people do not have time to do and are willing to pay in order to get it done. You can be writing articles, correcting them, surfing sites, answering emails and so much more. Any task that someone needs to be done you can do it.

So last but not least is Google Adsense….

Google AdSense

What is Google's AdSense? . You place vertical and horizontal adblocks on your site with your Google's AdSense affiliate code embedded, and when a visitor clicks on that ad link, you earn a commission. These ads are contextual, meaning that they display ads that are related to the content of your site. Who pays for that commission? Ultimately, it is the pay per click advertisers that use the Google network to bring paid traffic to their sites. They pay Google, who pays you a percentage when your site visitor clicks on an ad link.

Once you join the Google's AdSense affiliate program, you will find an array of tracking tools in your back office. These can be used to optimize your website for maximum click through rates by knowing which ad blocks are performing best and on what pages. This will require some work on your part because you have to set up tracking channels for each ad block in order to see how it performs. This is not mandatory, so don't let that scare you away from using AdSense, but it is a very powerful tool once you get the hang of it.

There are other tools that let you adjust the look and feel of the ad blocks, such as colors, fonts, backgrounds, shape and size. These are important because you want your contextual ads to blend in well with your site as if it were a natural part of the content.

Google AdSense has a flexible reporting tool that you can use to show page impressions and click through rates. You can group your web pages however you want, viewing results by URL, domain, ad type, category and more. Plus, you can use analytics to look at your website traffic stats and see what keywords are being used to find your site with.

Getting started with Google's AdSense is really very easy. Once you sign up, then log in and copy the html code for the adblock. Then just paste it into your webpage with your favorite editor and update or upload it to your host. Contextual ads will start being shown almost immediately. You can also put a search bar on your site and earn additional income when a visitor uses it to search for more information. As you build traffic to your website, you will be earning AdSense revenue in no time…

Cellular Companies - Sony Ericsson vs Nokia

2009-08-23T09:50:00.006+06:00

Cellular Companies
Sony Ericsson vs Nokia

Sony Ericsson

Sony is the electronic company and Ericsson is the mobile communication company this is why combination of these companies are going to be the leading cell phone company, an other important thing is that these companies were in two highly developed companies in field of electronics and communication which are Japan and Swedish. Sony Ericsson Cellular company was establish to produce such leading cell phones in 2001, the head office of Sony Ericsson is in London and its research centers are in Sweden, Japan, China and United States of America. President Mr. Miles Flint and Vice President of Sony Ericsson are looking for to move this Cellular Company world’s best and beneficial company for their customers from every angle of rely and this motto is making this company a successful company in the field of handset mobiles.

Latest Innovations And Models Of Sony Ericsson
The biggest way of success for a company lies by providing the such productions which is the fashion and requirements of the people who use the Cell Phones and Sony Ericsson knows it well, in this light in2005/2006 Sony Ericsson introduced Walkman Cell Phones like W550, W700, W800, W810i, W900i, W910 as their sound using hands free force you not to use heavy and big sized woofers however with the interest of customers Sony Ericsson is producing small sized stereo sound system which is enough for a good size group of people so enjoy on picnics, traveling any where according to occasions. Recently in 2006 Sony Ericsson introduced Cybershot brand having 3.2 magapixel cameras, now coming soon cell phones are K790 and K800 will introduce to compete the N-series of Nokia.

Sony Ericsson Feature
In March 2002 Sony Ericsson introduced its first product now it has access of all aspects of cellular products and still advancing the technologies of cellular phones i.e in 2005 Sony Ericsson introduced walkman brands called as W-series furnished with high quality music and Sony Ericsson Ringtones, these were at least ten models at first still introducing new and newer models. Sony Ericsson cell phone F-series is mid range and K-series is a candybar mobile phones designed with cameras and double front. The best thing is that Sony Ericsson Software with Sony Ericsson codes are available in market and also on the internet which are free to download even from internet one can download Sony Ericsson Ringtones and music which are also free of cost to provide good and cheap entertainment to the Sony Ericsson Cell phone users. Another thing in respect to the entertainment is more advance free java games of Sony Ericsson are also available on the internet as well as in the market. All the Sony Ericsson accessories and Sony Ericsson faceplate are also available all over the world. Sony Ericsson Cell Phone is now more advances and powerful company because its first priority is to use the latest technologies and inventions in the newer coming models. To be the most prominent, prestigious, splendid and sophisticated technology provider is one of the key ambitions of Sony Ericsson Mobile Phone Company.

Nokia

Nokia is the most famous brand of mobiles and is used by major community all over the world and the network of nokia is spread in all around the globe, this company is more reliable in the communication field. Nokia phone started to business in 1965 and held by Fredrik Idestam than this person started his wood pulp mill. Nokia cell phone's history includes many factor and this company work very hard in our field then this company is hold the condition and pass the many milestones in his progress. Nokia cell phone is the first company in all over the world to introduce the communication device in the market and to make the many mobile phones in world very stylish design and beautiful shape and this company is make a very slim lightweight mobile from the first day of company because all like the smart and lightweight mobile the few person in the world to like the heavy things in this reason this company is make the lightweight mobiles phones. Nokia cell phone company is introduce the new brand in the market in 1984 when few people is known the heavy things so this brand is name Nokia Talkman phone this is most stylish and very beautiful in shape in the communication devices in the future time. Nokia mobile phones have many models and style so by this style Nokia is top of the communication business.

Stunning Features Of Nokia
Nokia is step by step developed in all over the world and these brands are more elastic and in this used more highly technology for this reason functions in the Nokia new models are best stylish, lightweight and used very simple and easy. The main reason for its popularity is that Nokia accessories and free Nokia software with free Nokia Ringtones are easily available to its customers. Hence it could be said that Nokia through its vast network providing best facilities to its customers. That’s because this brand is having millions of its customer all over the world that trust on quality models of Nokia mobiles with its attractive and special Nokia Ringtones highly appreciated everywhere. Actually the main purpose of Nokia cell phones is to increase communication and

Interchange information in relatively easier manners. The availability of Nokia Ringtones and Nokia games of Nokia phone makes it batter than all. Nokia games by Nokia phones are a source of real enjoyment and relaxation. The main feather of Nokia cell phone is that it provides to it customers of Nokia code, a way to protect personal and personal massages. The Nokia theme has real attraction that’s why it is set as wallpaper and Ringtones by most of the people. New and advance Nokia cell phones are facilitated with Nokia theater sound system to provide the exciting effect in your life. There is huge variety provided by Nokia cellphones that are on the top and shows that the companies wanna provide to its customers with best communication services to make itself more reliable and comfortable for present and future era.